Carbon or charcoal can be made from biomass or cellulose-containing materials such as coconut shells or candlenut shells using a thermal process. One of the thermal process is pyrolysis, which in this process, the material is converted to carbon. The results of pyrolysis are in the form of three types of products namely solids (charcoal / carbon), gas (fuel gas) and liquid (bio-oil). Other products are gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and some gases that have small contents. In general, the pyrolysis process takes place at temperatures above 300 ° C within 4-7 hours. Carbonized carbon or pyrolysis does not have a large adsorption capacity because the pore structure does not develop, so it is need activation process. One way to activate carbon is chemical activation. There is a need to know the best material for activating carbon through chemical process. This article aims to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various types of chemical activation and to determine the promising chemical for activation. From various methods of chemical activation, the activator that promises to make activated carbon is Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) because it can produce activated carbon which has a maximum micropore at operating conditions <450oC with a weight percent ratio between activator and sample around 29 - 52%.
Metode pembuatan Asam oksalat ini secara umum adalah dengan proses Soda. Bahan baku yang digunakan yaitu tongkol jagung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi NaOH dan waktu pemasakan dalam memperoleh kadar asam oksalat yang dihasilkan. Pada awal proses, Tongkol jagung yang sudah dipotong dikeringkan. Selanjutnya tongkol jagung dihaluskan, dan diayak sesuai ukuran. Ambil 30 gram serbuk tongkol jagung dan campurkan NaOH sesuai variabel (10, 20, 30, 40, dan 50 %). Kemudian campuran kedua bahan tersebut dipanaskan pada suhu ±98oC dalam waktu sesuai variabel (30 ; 45 ; 60; 75; 90 menit). Selanjutnya di filtrasi menjadi Natrium Oksalat (Na2C2O4), lalu ditambahkan CaCl2 dan diperoleh filtrat NaCl dan endapan CaC2O4. Untuk melarutkan endapan kalsium oksalat ditambahkan H2SO4, sehingga diperoleh filtrat asam oksalat (C2H2O4) dan endapan kalsium sulfate (CaSO4). Filtrat asam oksalat sebagai produk. Pada pembuatan asam oksalat ini dipengaruhi oleh waktu pemasakan dan konsentrasi pelarut NaOH. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diperoleh kadar asam oksalat tertinggi pada proses pemasakan dengan konsentrasi NaOH 50% dengan waktu pemasakan selama 60 menit yaitu sebesar 9,80%.
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