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Carbon or charcoal can be made from biomass or cellulose-containing materials such as coconut shells or candlenut shells using a thermal process. One of the thermal process is pyrolysis, which in this process, the material is converted to carbon. The results of pyrolysis are in the form of three types of products namely solids (charcoal / carbon), gas (fuel gas) and liquid (bio-oil). Other products are gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and some gases that have small contents. In general, the pyrolysis process takes place at temperatures above 300 ° C within 4-7 hours. Carbonized carbon or pyrolysis does not have a large adsorption capacity because the pore structure does not develop, so it is need activation process. One way to activate carbon is chemical activation. There is a need to know the best material for activating carbon through chemical process. This article aims to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various types of chemical activation and to determine the promising chemical for activation. From various methods of chemical activation, the activator that promises to make activated carbon is Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) because it can produce activated carbon which has a maximum micropore at operating conditions <450oC with a weight percent ratio between activator and sample around 29 - 52%.

Used cooking oil is widely considered waste because it can damage the environment and cause health problems. Meanwhile, used cooking oil can be used as a substitute raw material for Crude Palm Oil (CPO) in Indonesia's national biodiesel program.Indonesia has a remarkable ability to use used cooking oil as a raw material for making biodiesel. If the 1.2 million kiloliters of biodiesel made from CPO raw materials are exchanged with used cooking oil raw materials, it can save approximately Rp.4.2 trillion. There are various process technologies in making biodiesel, including microemulsion, pyrolysis, and transesterification. Transesterification is a process in which triglycerides and methanol are reacted to create biodiesel and glycerol as a by-product. Transesterification using a homogeneous catalyst has advantages such as lower cost, relatively short processing time, and higher yield of biodiesel products.Transesterification using a homogeneous catalyst has the disadvantage of a more complex separation. This literature study aims to explain the method for biodiesel production and becomes a reference in terms of process selection in biodiesel manufacturing plants, especially from used cooking oil as raw material.

Sanitasi makanan adalah kegiatan yang dilakukan untuk membebaskan makanan dari kontaminasi makanan sehingga makanan tetap aman selama proses produksi makanan mulai dari penanganan bahan baku sampai distribusi produk kepada konsumen. Pengetahuan sanitasi sangat penting dimiliki oleh para pelaku industri makanan terutama pemilik usaha mikro kecil dan menengah (UMKM). Pengetahuan sanitasi yang baik akan mendukung terciptanya produk yang bersih, aman bebas dari bahaya kesehatan. Edukasi tentang sanitasi makanan dilakukan kepada UD Sumber Rejeki yang bergerak pada produksi kerupuk ikan di kota Surabaya. Pelaksanaan pengabdian masyarakat berlangsung dalam dua tahap. Tahap pertama adalah proses koordinasi dengan mitra untuk melaksanakan rangkaian kegiatan. Tahap kedua adalah kegiatan inti yang terdiri dari pre-test, edukasi dan post-test. Materi yang disampaikan antara lain personal hygiene, sanitasi peralatan, dan sanitasi ruangan. Hasil pengamatan setelah kegiatan menunjukkan bahwa penerapan sanitasi yang ada di UD Sumber Rejeki terjadi peningkatan positif. Pengetahuan tentang sanitasi meningkat dari 62% menjadi 82% dan pada penerapannya meningkat dari 44% menjadi 56%. Dari hasil kegiatan tersebut dapat dikatakan bahwa edukasi dalam bentuk penyuluhan merupakan salah satu cara efektif dalam menyampaikan materi sanitasi pada mitra. Hasil positif yang dicapai yaitu peningkatan pengetahuan sanitasi sebesar 10% dan penerapan program sanitasi sebesar 12%. Kata kunci: Kerupuk Ikan, Sanitasi, UMKM ABSTRACT Food sanitation is the practice of following certain rules and procedures to prevent the contamination of food, keeping it safe to eat during food processing from material handling to distribution. Sanitation knowledge is very important for food industry, especially UMKM (usaha kecil mikro dan menengah). Sanitation supports food products that are clea, safe and free from health hazards. Education was carried out to UD Sumber Rejeki, fish cracker industry in Surabaya. The program is implemented in two stages. The first stage is coordination with partner. The second stage consist of pre-test, counseling, and post-test. The content delivered includes personal hygiene, equipment sanitation and room sanitation. The result of post-activity observation showed that implementation of sanitation in UD Sumber Rejeki had a postif increase. Knowledge of sanitation increased from 62% to 82% and in practice increased from 44% to 56%. From the results of this activities, it can be said that counseling is an effective way to convey to sanitation knowledge to partners. Postif results were achieved for sanitation knowledge by 10%, and implemention of sanitation program by 12%. Keywords: Fish Cracker, Sanitation, UMKM

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