los procesos de "presupuesto participativo" en américa latina: éxito, fracaso y cambio revista de ciencia política / volumen 26 / nº 2 / 2006 / 0 -28 Artículos CienCia PolítiCaLos procesos de "presupuesto participativo" en américa Latina: éxito, fracaso y cambio Benjamin GoldfrankUniversidad de nUevo méxico, estados Unidos resumen este artículo examina intentos encaminados a introducir mecanismos de participación en el proceso del presupuesto en gobiernos locales. la hipótesis general es que el diseño y los resultados del presupuesto participativo (pp) dependen tanto de las intenciones de los diseñadores como de las condiciones previas del lugar específico, en especial, el grado de descentralización y la institucionalización de los partidos de oposición. estos supuestos se examinan a través de una comparación controlada de caracas, montevideo y porto alegre, y, de forma más amplia, de las experiencias nacionales de brasil, bolivia, Guatemala, nicaragua y perú. se concluye que las políticas nacionales de pp no han tenido un éxito generalizado que promueva la participación ciudadana a nivel local, la transparencia fiscal, ni gobiernos municipales eficientes. abstract this article examines efforts at introducing participatory mechanisms into local government budget processes. the broad hypothesis advanced is that the design and, partially in turn, the results of participatory budgeting (pb) depend on both the designing actors" intentions and the pre-existing conditions in the particular locale, especially the degree of fiscal decentralization and the institutionalization of opposition parties. these hypotheses are examined through a controlled comparison of pb in three cities -caracas, montevideo, and porto alegre-and a broad comparison of brazil, bolivia, Guatemala, nicaragua, and peru. i conclude that national legal mandates for pb have not had widespread local success in encouraging citizen participation, fiscal transparency, and effective municipal government. palabras clave • presupuesto participativo • Gobiernos locales • descentralización • transparencia • democratización I. INTRODUCCIÓNde 1990 a 2005, el "presupuesto participativo" (pp) ha evolucionado de forma considerable 1 . lo que alguna vez fue un poco conocido proceso de participación popular, impulsado por algunos partidos latinoamericanos de izquierda, como una forma de reinventar el socialismo, se ha convertido en una "buena práctica" dentro de la caja de herramientas de buen gobierno promulgada por instituciones internacionales de desarrollo. de acuerdo a qué tan rigurosa sea la definición de pp, éste se ha expandido de algunas docenas de ciudades, sobre todo en brasil, a entre 250 y 2.500 lugares tan sólo en latinoamérica. la cifra inicial incluye aquellas ciudades donde el pp comenzó como una iniciativa de gobiernos locales, en países desde méxico y la república 1 el autor agradece a manuel burgos por traducir este texto.
The following article identifies two different urban policy regimes in Latin Americaneoliberal and socialist -and traces their origins to the distinct interests and capacities of local elites and activists in the region's cities in the mid-to-late twentieth century. While agricultural and commercial interests paid a high price for the growth of import-substituting industrialization, and therefore deployed free trade zones (and similar institutions) in traditional export centers in the 1960s and 1970s, their industrial rivals bore the brunt of austerity and adjustment in the free
This article addresses the long-standing controversy over the World Bank's role in the promotion of participatory budgeting (PB). Some on the left have celebrated the Bank's funding and advocacy for PB as signifying the legitimacy or mainstream success of the process, while others see the Bank's endorsement of PB as a sign that participatory budgeting is becoming watered down and losing its transformative potential, if it ever had such potential. This debate has mostly been an ideological one, and little research has been done to provide evidence to either side. The article is the first to address what the Bank is doing to promote PB and why. It makes six main points. First, the originators of participatory budgeting, the Workers' Party in Brazil, is not promoting it as strongly as it used to. Second, the World Bank has become the most active promoter of PB (perhaps alongside the United Nations Development Program). Third, within the Bank, some promote PB as part of its fairly standard pro-market agenda, while others share many of the same goals as PB's originators. Fourth, though the Bank has become very important for the diffusion of PB, overall PB remains marginal within the Bank. Fifth, the Bank has little influence over the eventual outcomes of PB in different countries because it has little or no control over many of the factors that affect PB in practice. And sixth, because PB's effects have strong potential to be positive, the Bank's role in promoting PB should be encouraged.
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