Froiii Depurtiirettts 1 uml 11 of Obstetrics ulid Gynaecology (Heuds: ProJessor Sukuri Tiiiioirol utttlProfessor P u u w Vuru). Hrlsirtki University Centrul Hospitol, Helsinki, Fitlluml Abstruct. A series consisting of 1085 women with postmenopausal genital bleeding was investigated. The women were at least 45 years old and the time lapse from the last menstruation was at least one year. The bleeding was due to a malignant process in 28 % . The majority of these patients had endometrial or cervical carcinoma. The ratio of these two conditions was 1 : I. The median age of the patients showing malignant growth was clearly higher than the median age of those in whom the cause of bleeding was benign. The rate of malignant tumours as a cause of postmenopausal bleeding showed a definite rise with increasing age.Atrophic endometrium was the cause of bleeding in 20.SY0 of the patients. A hormonal reaction in the endometrium was involved in IR.5Y0, an endometrial or cervical polyp in 17.2%. cervicitis with erosion in 12.1 5 , and senile vaginitis in 1.3%. The incidence of other benign conditions was low. The aetiology of postmenopausal genital bleeding is discussed.Postmenopausal genital bleeding is a symptom for which medical aid is usually sought, because it is well known that the cause may be a malignant process. Kraussold (1962) reviewed 26 157 cases of postmenopausal bleeding collected from the literature. The cause was malignant in 48.7%. Pacheco & Kempers (1968) found that the rate of malignancy in the aetiology of such bleeding varied greatly in different investigations, the range being from 5.4-76.0%.In this study the term postmenopausal bleeding is used for a blood-stained discharge from the female genital tract occurring after an interval of at least one year from cessation of menstruation at the appropriate time of life. MATERIAL The records were reviewed for all patients seen for postmenopausal genital bleeding in 1960-1963. The series consisted of 1 085 women with postmenopausal genital bleeding. They were at least 45 years old and the time lapse from the last menstruation was at least one year. The median age was 58.0 years, lower quartile 53.0 years. tipper quartile 64.4 years. range 45-87 years. The median postmenopausal interval was 8.5 years. lower quartile 3.1 years, upper quarlile 14.7 years. range 1 4 0 yean. RESULTSThe pathological diagnosis, median age and median postmenopausal interval are shown in Table I for 1 085 patients with genital bleeding. The bleeding was caused by a malignant process in 28 % . Endometrial or cervical carcinoma was involved in the majority of these cases. The median age and median postmenopausal interval were clearly higher in this group than in the nonmalignant cases. Atrophic endometrium was the most frequent cause of bleeding in the non-malignant group (20.5%). These patients were mostly older than the remainder, and the postmenopausal interval was relatively long. In many of these cases senile vaginitis was also present. In 200 cases (18.5%) the bleeding was obviousl...

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The relationship between premenstrual syndrome and physical exercise was studied with the aid of questionnaires in a series of 748 female university students. Girls who practised sports showed less symptoms of central nervous tension, particularly headache. Menstrual dys‐mennrrhoea also was less frequent in the athletes than in the control group. On the other hand no correlation was observed between premenstrual dysmenorrhoea, oedema and the practice of sports. Gymnastics had practically no effect on the various premenstrual or menstrual symptoms. The favourable influence of sports is attributed mainly to an improved circulatory capacity.