Background: Natural phenolic compounds in medicinal herbs and dietary plants are antioxidants which play therapeutic or preventive roles in different pathological situations, such as oxidative stress and inflammation. One of the most studied phenolic compounds in the last decade is chlorogenic acid (CGA), which is a potent antioxidant found in certain foods and drinks. Objective: This review focuses on the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive bioactivities of CGA, and the putative mechanisms of action are described. Ethnopharmacological reports related to these bioactivities are also reviewed. Materials and Methods: An electronic literature search was conducted by authors up to October 2019. Original articles were selected. Results: CGA has been shown to reduce inflammation and modulate inflammatory and neuropathic pain in animal models. Conclusion: The consensus of the literature search was that systemic CGA may facilitate pain management via bolstering antioxidant defenses against inflammatory insults.

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Foreign bodies in the urethra are rare in the literature. A majority of the foreign bodies administered in the urethra are because of a psychiatric disorder, senility, intoxication, and self-erotic stimulation. Clinical examination and imaging tests, such as X-ray, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been used for the diagnosis of foreign bodies. Surgical exploration or endoscopic extraction are the main approaches to the treatment. This case report deals with a 45-year-old male patient who was admitted with urethral pain to the emergency service. A nail scissor was diagnosed in the urethra and endoscopic extraction was performed under regional anesthesia.

Restoration of the lost bone volume is one of the most deliberate issues in dentistry. Sustained‐release microspherical oxytocin hormone in a poloxamer hydrogel scaffold combined with a mixture of β‐tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite (CP) may serve as a suitable bone graft. The aim of this study was to design and test a novel thermosensitive hydrogel graft incorporating oxytocin‐loaded poly(d, l‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) sustained‐release microspheres and CP. Thermosensitive poloxamer hydrogel containing CP (HCP graft) was prepared as a base and combined with hollow microspheres (HCPM) and oxytocin‐loaded microspheres (HCPOM). Eighty Wistar rats were used for testing the grafts and a control group in 8‐mm‐diameter critical‐sized calvarial defects (CSD); (n = 20). Bone healing at the 4th and 8th weeks was evaluated by histological, histomorphometric, and radiological (micro‐computed tomography [µCT]) analyses. The results were analyzed by two‐way analysis of variance (P < .05). Oxytocin‐loaded PLGA microspheres prepared by the solvent displacement method yielded a high encapsulation efficiency of 89.5% and a slow drug release. Incorporation of the microspheres into the hydrogel graft slowed the release rate down and the release completed within 32 days. HCPOM revealed the highest new bone formation (26.45% ± 6.65% and 30.76% ± 4.37% at the 4th and 8th weeks, respectively; P < .0001) while HCPM and HCP groups revealed a bone formation of around 10% (P > .05). µCT findings of HCPOM group showed the highest mean bone mineral density values (42.21 ± 5.14 and 46.94 ± 3.30 g/cm3 for the 4th and 8th weeks, respectively; P < .0027). The proposed oxytocin‐loaded sustained‐release PLGA microspheres containing thermosensitive hydrogel graft (HCPOM) provide an accelerated bone regeneration in the rat calvaria.

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