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The effectiveness of soy-based edible films (EF) incorporated with essential oils (EO) from oregano (OR, Oreganum heracleoticum L.) or thyme (TH, Thymus vulgaris L.) applied on oxidative stability of ground beef patties (GBP) was investigated at 4C for 12 days. Higher antioxidant activity by OR than TH EO was determined with a 2,2'-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging assay. Induction time of oxidation measured with the Rancimat test in lipids of GBP was extended with the addition of EOs to EFs. Lower peroxide and free fatty acidity (P < 0.05) values were determined with OR-EF or TH-EF, particularly at later stages of storage. Incorporation of EO from OR or TH into the EFs resulted in reduced, but acceptable, redness (a*) values (P < 0.05) in ground beef. This study suggests that the addition of OR or TH EOs into EFs as an antioxidant active packaging is effective in retarding oxidative changes in meats. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSOxidation reactions are among the most important factors responsible for loss of quality in meat products. Packaging using edible films (EFs) with the inclusion of natural plant extracts is becoming a promising active packaging approach to control oxidative changes in food products during storage. This study was focused on the inclusion of thyme or oregano essential oils (EOs) into EF formulation to control oxidative changes in ground beef patties. Results indicate that inclusion of EOs as antioxidants into soy-based EFs offers great potential in industrial applications for controlling oxidative changes in the manufacture of natural meat products.

This study aims to investigate the effects of different levels of royal jelly supplementation on biochemical parameters in swimmers. Randomly selected 40 male swimmers aged 18 to 25 years attending the same trainings were recruited. Swimmers were assigned to 4 groups each with 10 subjects. Varying amounts of royal jelly (2, 1 g and 500 mg) were given to the 1st, 2nd and 3rd groups and placebo (corn starch) to the 4th group. Participants were trained by swimming totally 20 km in 2 h on 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Resting blood samples were taken before royal jelly administration and after 30 days of application. Then biochemical analyses were performed. Different levels of royal jelly were found to be ineffective on glucose, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels of the swimmers. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels increased after the training program, and BUN level was higher in the group receiving 500 mg royal jelly than those in the other groups. The increment in creatinine levels was higher in those groups receiving higher amounts of royal jelly after the training. A supplementation of 500 mg, 1 and 2 g/day of royal jelly throughout the 30 day-exercise program was not significantly effective in the swimmers. Also, due to its high amino acid content, BUN and creatinine levels tended to increase.

Balance is fundamental in sport, especially when there is an opponent. Although balance can be improved with practice, it is highly aff ected by nervous system disorders, particularly by vestibular disorders and visual impairment. Th e purpose of this study was to compare static and dynamic balance between normal and hearing-impaired wrestlers. Th e participants were 52 young male hearing-impaired wrestlers (n=29, age=18.76±3.54) and normal-hearing athletes (n=23, age=19.09±2.76) competing at the national level. Th e static and dynamic balance were measured using the stork test on one foot and the Y-balance test (in anterior, posteromedial & posterolateral directions). MANOVA indicated signifi cant diff erences between groups (Wilks' L=.284, F 12,39 =8.21, p<.05, η 2 =.72). Diff erences were detected in how long the participant had been active in the sport F(year) (F 1,50 =145.95, p<.025, η 2 =.75) and right leg static balance (F 1,50 =73.63, p<.025, η 2 =.60). As for the Y balance test, there was also a signifi cant diff erence in the anterior direction for the right leg (F 1,50 =4880.66, p<.025, η 2 =.99) and left leg (F 1,50 =3563.87, p<.025, η 2 =.99). Hearing-impaired wrestlers performed better balance abilities in the dynamic balance test of right and left legs in the anterior direction. In contrast, the amount of time active in the sport and the static balance of the right leg were found better in normal-hearing wrestlers. Being better than normal wrestlers only in the anterior direction of the dynamic balance might be due to the diff erences related to the directions of the test. Future studies are recommended for investigating the reasons for this diff erence.