No abstract

PAP smear is one of the best screening tools available for early detection of cervical cancer. Hence, we conducted a retrospective study at the Department of Pathology, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital over a period of one year by collecting PAP smear data. A total of 978 smears were collected out of which 59% were premenopausal and 41% were post menopausal women. Data shows that the prevalence of pre malignant and malignant lesions were more among the women of post menopausal age group than the pre menopausal age group.

In the present study, important parameters like frequency distribution of Gliomas, age group of Glioma patients, common sex involved, commonest site of occurrence, clinical presentations, radiological histopathological correlation, p16INK4a expression of the glial tumors are compared with other similar studies. The aim is to find out common age group of Glioma occurrence and it includes higher grades of Astrocytomas. The present study focuses on common symptoms  such as head ache, histopathologial correlation and common tumor etc and to study the Histomorphology of Gliomas to evaluate p16INK4a expression in Gliomas to correlate the p16INK4a expression with the WHO grading of Gliomas. Various parameters like age, sex, site, clinical symptoms, radiological correlation and WHO Grading were analysed.p16 IHC was expressed as positive and negative according to its nuclear staining of >25% cells in 10 continuous fields in 40x and it was found that p16 expression was Positive in all Grade 1 Astrocytoma, 3 out of 5 Grade II Astrocytoma and only in one Grade IV Glioblastoma. p16 expression was negative in 2 Grade II Astrocytomas and in 17 Grade IV Gioblastomas and in 2 cases of Myxopapillary Ependymoma.

Introduction : Urinary lithiasis have been a major urological problem. The incidence of calculus renal failure is very high in India. Calculus anuria is a urological emergency and needs early emergency intervention (double J stenting, PCN and dialysis) to manage calculus anuria after which denite treatment of stone can be performed. Methods : The Prospective study is carried out in Government General Hospital, Guntur from January 2021 to June 2022. 30 patients with calculus anuria of all ages and either sex were included in the study. USG KUB, X-ray KUB and CT KUB were taken for size and site of stone in the urinary tract. Urinary diversion procedures like double J stenting or percutaneous nephrostomy were done on emergency basis to relieve the obstruction. After stabilisation of the patient, denite treatment was planned. Results: Among 30 patients who presented with anuria, dialysis was done in 21 patients. Bilateral DJ stenting was done in 21 cases. Unilateral DJ stenting was done in 3 patients with single kidney or single functioning kidney. Unilateral DJ stenting and contralateral PCN for pyonephrosis done in 6 patients. After relief of obstruction and stabilizing patient, denitive treatment of calculi likeURSL, pushback PCNL, PCNL, ureterolithotomy and pyelolithotomy done. Conclusion: Calculus anuria is a urological emergency .Dialysis is required in most of cases. Early intervention with DJ stenting/ PCN is initial treatment of choice. After stabilization, majority of the patients can be managed with endo-urological procedures like ureteroscopicpneumatic/ laser lithotripsy, PCNL.