No abstract

There has been limited epidemiological research about nocturnal enuresis in Turkey. The objectives of this study were to ascertain the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis and the epidemiological factors associated with this in Turkish children aged 7-11 y, living in Manisa. Included in the study were 2000 children from various primary schools in Manisa. Parents were asked to fill out our specially designed questionnaire. In all, questionnaires for 1703 children were completed and returned to the department (871F, 51.1%; 832M, 48.9%). The prevalence of nocturnal enuresis for females was 10.6%, for males it was 16.9% and the overall prevalence was 13.7%. The prevalence of nocturnal enuresis decreased with age. Enuresis nocturna was found to be more common in children with a family history of bedwetting (76.5%). Deep sleeping, poor toilet habits and low educational level of the family were associated with enuresis. Consanguineous marriage did not influence the incidence of enuresis nocturna. There was no difference between enuretics and nonenuretics with reference to breastfeeding, being firstborn or being right- or left-handed. In our opinion, enuresis is an important problem for both families and children in Turkey for which specific guidelines should be developed. Various methods have been tried in the treatment of enuresis because of its multi-factorial aetiology. Child, family and physician co-operating together achieve the best help to both child and family.

Testicular arterial blood flow was found to be significantly decreased in men with varicocele. This may be a reflection of the impaired microcirculation. Following decreased testicular arterial blood flow, impaired spermatogenesis may result from defective energy metabolism in the microcirculatory bed.

Obesity, high plasma level of FBG and hypertension constitute risk factors for the development of severe LUTS. Metabolic syndrome may play a key role in the pathogenesis in both ED and LUTS. Presence of ED is the most predictor of severe LUTS.

We aimed to investigate the long-term effect of microsurgical inguinal varicocelectomy on testicular blood flow using color Doppler sonography (CDS) in this observational study. A total of 30 patients clinically diagnosed with left varicocele who underwent a microsurgical inguinal varicocelectomy were examined 3 times with CDS for testicular blood flow parameters, first before, then 3 months after, and finally 6 months after the operation. CDS values of testicular blood flow (peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, resistive index, and pulsatility index) were measured from testicular, capsular, and intratesticular arteries. We also evaluated preoperative and postoperative semen parameters. The mean values of blood flow velocities in the left testicular artery (peak systolic and end diastolic) increased and resistance indices (resistive and pulsatility) in the left capsular and intratesticular arteries decreased significantly after surgery (P , .05).No significant difference was detected between the preoperative and postoperative blood flow parameters in the right testicular, capsular, or intratesticular arteries (P , .05). In the semen analysis run 3 months after the operations, statistically significant increases were found in sperm concentration (P , .001), morphology percentage (P , .001), and total motile sperm concentration (P 5 .009). The increase in blood flow velocity in the testicular artery and the decrease in resistive and pulsatility indices in the capsular and intratesticular branches of the artery may be strong indicators of an increase in testicular arterial blood flow into the testicular tissue. Our data show that a significant improvement occurs in testicular blood supply and sperm parameters after microsurgical inguinal varicocelectomy.