The lattice parameters of BiFeO3 were determined with the Straumanis method. At 25–13±0.02 °C, the hexagonal parameters are ah = 5.5799±0.0003, and ch = 13.8670±0.0005 Å. The temperature dependence of the lattice parameters in the range 20–325 °C is given by the equations: ah = 5.5764 Å + 6.06 × 10−5t, and ch = 13.8620 Å + 2.10 × 10−4t. In the range of 344–838 °C, the lattice parameters obey the following equations: ah = 5.5946 + 6.83 × 10−5 t, and ch = 13.7251 + 9.05 × 10−4 t−12.503 × 10−7 t2 + 9.40 × 10−10 t3− 3.57 × 10−13t4. By extrapolation of the angular separation of the 11.0 and the 10.4 reflections, the electrical Curie temperature was determined to be 845±5 °C.

No abstract

Consistent performance, energy efficiency, and reliable transfer of data are critical factors for real-time monitoring of a patient's data, especially in a hospital environment. In this paper, a routing protocol is proposed by considering the QoS requirements of the Body Area Network (BAN) data packets. A mechanism for handling delay-sensitive packets is provided by this protocol. Moreover, linear programming based modeling along with graphical analysis is also done. Extensive simulations using the OMNeT++ based simulator Castalia 3.2 illustrate that the proposed algorithm provides better performance than other QoS-aware routing protocols in terms of higher successful transmission rates (throughputs), lower overall network traffic, no packets dropped due to MAC buffer overflow, and fewer numbers of packet time outs in both the mobile and static patient scenarios. The scalability of the protocol is demonstrated by simulating a 24-bed real hospital environment with 49 nodes. It is shown that, even in the larger real hospital scenario requiring the transmission of delay-sensitive data packets with stringent delay requirements, QPRD outperforms comparable protocols.

No abstract

This paper proposes a novel integrated energy and QoS-aware routing protocol with the considerations of energy, end-to-end latency, and reliability requirements of body area network (BAN) communication. The proposed routing protocol, called ZEQoS, introduces two main modules (MAC layer and network layer) and three algorithms (neighbor table constructor, routing table constructor, and path selector). To handle ordinary packets (OPs), delay-sensitive packets (DSPs), and reliability-sensitive packets (RSPs), the new mechanism first calculates the communication costs, end-to-end path delays, and end-to-end path reliabilities of all possible paths from a source to destination. The protocol then selects the best possible path(s) for OPs, RSPs, and DSPs by considering their QoS requirement. Extensive simulations using OMNeT++ based simulator Castalia 3.2 demonstrate that the performance of the proposed integrated algorithm is satisfactory when tested on a real hospital scenario, and all data types including OPs, DSPs, and RSPs are used as offered traffic. Simulations also show that the ZEQoS also offers better performance in terms of higher throughput, less packets dropped on MAC and network layers, and lower network traffic than comparable protocols including DMQoS and noRouting.