Thyroid disorders (TD) are the second most common endocrine disorders seen in pregnancy. Many physiological changes in pregnancy lead to hypothyroidism in pregnancy. Hypothyroid in pregnancy is associated with many adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Objective of this study was to find the prevalence of TD in pregnancy in Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital (NMCTH), Antithyroid Peroxidase Antibody (TPO-Ab) positive cases with hypothyroidism and to evaluate maternal fetal outcome in hypothyroid pregnancies. This was a prospective hospital based observational study. The study was done in Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NMCTH from August 2018 to July 2019. Among 420 pregnant ladies 71.0% were euthyroid, 25.7% were hypothyroid (25.2%of subclinical and 0.5% overt), 3.3% were hyperthyroid (0.7% of overt) and 6.4% were TPO-Abpositive with hypothyroidism. Inspite of treatment, Gestational hypertention, Pre-eclampsea and LSCS is significantly high in hypothyroid pregnancy than euthyroid pregnancy. High prevalence of hypothyroidism in this study necessitates universal screening of TD at first trimester of pregnancy.

Pregnancy is characterized by many significant changes in a woman’s body which helps develop the fetus optimally. During pregnancy, there is marked maternal endocrine upregulation, hormonal profile modifications and interactions leading to dry eyes. Pregnancy causes most parts of a woman’s body to change, and the eyes are no exception. Dry eye disease is a common pregnancy problem that usually begins towards the end of the first trimester. Since, there is a dearth of literature on dry eye disease during pregnancy in Nepal, a study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of dry eyes disease among pregnant women and to find its association with socio-demographic characteristics and their gestation period, at Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital. A total of 84 pregnant women in different trimesters volunteered for this study. The upper and lower limits for estimated mean age were 26.67 years to 25.03 years at 95% confidence level. The prevalence of dry eyes was 89.3% by tear break up time test and 27.4% by Schirmer’s test respectively. The association between gestational age and dry eyes by Schirmer’s test was statistically significant.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is an important public health problem. Prevalence has shown an increasing trend and varies based on diagnostic criteria used and the ethnic group studied. It is more common in Asia. Presently, there is no international consensus on the screening and diagnostic criteria for GDM. The Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group of India (DIPSI) guidelines recommend the non-fasting 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as a single-step screening and diagnostic test for GDM, is simple, easy and more feasible. The objective of this study was to compare whether the DIPSI criteria is equally sensitive to WHO 2018 criteria. This was a hospital based cross-sectional study done at Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu. Among 425 cases, 25 (5.88%) were diagnosed GDM, 6 (1.41%) were diagnosed only by DIPSI, 5 (1.18) only by WHO 2018 and 14 (3.29%) by both methods. The study showed that the sensitivity of DIPSI was 73.68% and specificity was 98.52%. The agreement between the DIPSI and WHO 2018 criteria ranged from 60% to 80% (Kappa value = 0.68). This study proves that DIPSI criteria is comparable to WHO 2018 criteria and can be adopted in our institution for the diagnosis of GDM as it is more feasible, easy and less expensive.

Objective: The objective of our study was to evaluate venous impedance, pyelocalyectasis and their correlation during pregnancy using Doppler ultrasound examination. Materials and methods: Doppler studies of bilateral kidneys were done in 41 singleton pregnant ladies of second and third trimester of pregnancy and 35 healthy volunteers. None of the ladies had prior history of renal diseases or renal surgery in the past and were clinically asymptomatic. Pelvicalyceal system dilatation of both kidneys was graded based on the separation of sinus echo at mid polar region. Doppler sonography of the interlobar veins of both kidneys was performed at mid polar region and venous impedance index was calculated. Correlation between venous impedance index and hydronephrosis was done using SPSS (11) software. Results: The venous waveforms in pregnant women showed diminished phasic oscillations. Venous impedance in case was 0.31±0.06 on the right side and 0.35±0.09 on the left side and in control group was 0.43±0.06 and 0.40±0.05 on the right and left respectively. Difference between case and control was statistically significant (p < 0.001). During second trimester venous impedance index was 0.34±0.06 and 0.35±0.07 on right and left side respectively. In the third trimester it was 0.31±0.05 on the right side and 0.34±0.10 on the left side. There was negative correlation between venous impedance and grade of hydronephrosis or gestational age. Conclusion: Venous impedance index was significantly lower in pregnant ladies than in control and there was a negative correlation between grades of hydronephrosis and venous impedance index.