We have previously reported that cyclothiazide (CTZ) evokes epileptiform activities in hippocampal neurons and induces seizure behavior. Here we further studied in vivo the sensitivity of the hippocampal CA1 neurons in response to CTZ in epileptogenesis in comparison with two other classic convulsants of kainic acid (KA) and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ). CTZ administered intracerebral ventricle (i.c.v.) induced epileptiform activities from an initial of multiple evoked population spikes, progressed to spontaneous spikes and finally to highly synchronized burst activities in hippocampal CA1 neurons. PTZ, when given by subcutaneously, but not by intracerebral ventricle injection, evoked similar progressive epileptiform activities. In contrast, KA given by i.c.v. induced a quick development of epileptiform burst activities and then shortly switched to continuous high frequency firing as acute status epilepticus (ASE). Pharmacologically, alprazolam, a high-potency benzodiazepine ligand, inhibited CTZ and PTZ, but not KA, induced epileptiform burst activities while GYKI 53784, an AMPA receptor antagonist, suppressed CTZ and KA but not PTZ evoked epileptiform activities. In conclusion, CTZ and PTZ induced epileptiform activities are most likely to share a similar progressive pattern in hippocampus with GABAergic mechanism dominant in epileptogenesis, while CTZ model involves additional glutamate receptor activation. KA induced seizure in hippocampus is different to that of both CTA and PTZ. The results from this study indicate that hippocampal neurons respond to various convulsant stimulation differently which may reflect the complicated causes of the seizure in clinics.

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Activation of local NO pathway in the NTS could suppress vagal afferent-evoked excitation, suggesting that NO is an important neuromodulator of visceral sensory input in the NTS.

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To optimize the bioretention mixed fillers with better removal of phosphorus, this paper studies the adsorption characteristics of single filler and modified mixed filler through static adsorption experiments, and adopts the dynamical mini-column experiments to examine the adsorption capacities of the soil and modified mixed fillers. Results show that, in the static adsorption experiments, both water treatment residual (WTR) and fly ash exhibit good adsorption capacity when used as a single filler and modifier. Adsorption capacity increases with increasing WTR and fly ash dosage in the mixed filler. The modified mixed filler with WTR exerts a clear effect in the dynamic adsorption experiment, which is unsaturated when influent phosphorus concentration is 1 mg/L and inflow amount is equivalent to 15 years of precipitation. The adsorption capacity of WTR is 3.5-4.5 times that of other mixed fillers. Fly ash as a modifier shows a poor dynamic adsorption effect and thus must be continuously studied. In this study, WTR is recommended as a bioretention phosphorus removal additive. In engineering applications, the amount of WTR added can be controlled within 5-10% (by mass) according to influent phosphorus concentration.