Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are synthetic molecules which bind to estrogen receptors (ER) and can modulate its transcriptional capabilities in different ways in diverse estrogen target tissues. Tamoxifen, the prototypical SERM, is extensively used for targeted therapy of ER positive breast cancers. Unfortunately, the use of tamoxifen is associated with acquired resistance and some undesirable side effects. This study investigated the availability of the conventional SERMs on the TAM-resistance breast cancer cells. SERMs showed more effectiveness in MCF-7 cells than tamoxifen resistant cells, except toremifene and ospemifene. Especially, toremifene was more efficacious in tamoxifen resistant cells than MCF-7. Ospemifene had similar cytotoxic activity on the two types of breast cancers. The other SERMs used in this experiment didn’t inhibit efficiently the proliferation of tamoxifen resistant cells. These results support the possibility to usage of toremifene on tamoxifen resistant cancer. The effectiveness by toremifene on tamoxifen resistant cells might be different pathways from the apoptosis and the autophagy. Further study should be needed to elucidate the underlying mechanism of effect of toremifene on tamoxifen resistant cancer.

The host-protective effects of CMF might be archived by improving immune response, and CMF could act to prevent pathogenic microbial infections with immunomodulation.

Background: Self-medication of the over-the-counter (OTC) drug is practice all over the world. Although appropriate self-medication practice can address minor illness and is time and cost-effective, it can promote irrational use of medicine; prolong the illness, drug dependency and abuse. Medical students are the future medical practitioners and play the crucial role in counseling the patients. Therefore, the present study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of self- medication among undergraduate students. Methods: An institution based descriptive, cross sectional study was conducted after ethical approval was taken from the Institutional ethical committee of Gandaki medical college teaching hospital and research center (GMCTHRC) and data was collected from May to July 2018. Descriptive and correlation analysis were done with the data. The results were expressed in percentages. Results: Among 115 respondents, 60.9 % (70) were female and 39.1% (45) were male students. Majority of respondents (94.8%) believed that instruction on the label of the drugs should be followed and 78.3% respondents agreed that OTC drugs could interact with other prescribed drugs. However, only 53.9% respondents knew that OTC drugs were Group Ga drugs in Nepal. Despite good knowledge and attitude only 37.4% students had good practice in the rational use of the OTC drugs. Moreover, Antipyretic and analgesic drugs were the most commonly used drugs. However, only 36.84% respondents (p<0.05) knew about the correct dose and duration to take the drugs. Conclusions: We concluded that first year medical and dental should be motivated to use their knowledge into practice.

Sulfurated hydrogen commonly called hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is a clear, colorless, extremely toxic gas that has a rotten egg smell at low concentration. The human nose can detect H 2 S at concentrations below 100 parts per billion (ppb). It is found least amount in cigarette smoke that has been the subject of analysis for many analytical chemists. This gases is soluble in alkaline medium and gives free sulfide (S -2 ) ions. Sulfide ion concentration in cigarette smoke solution is found in the range of detection limit of lab made Silver-silver sulfide (Ag/Ag 2 S) ion selective electrode (ISE).This project has designed to investigate the amount hydrogen sulfide as a free sulfide (S --) ion in cigarette smoke solution. Silver-silver sulfide ion selective electrode (Ag/ Ag 2 S ISE) and Silver-silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrode are prepared in the lab for determination. Detail protocol of standard addition method with modified Grant's plot is applied for estimation. Different brand of cigarette samples were collected from different area of Pokhara valley and analyzed. The average amount of H 2 S per stick of cigarette smoke is found to vary from 0.0453 mg to 0.0573 mg in different brands. Among them sample no SA-5 shows 0.0453mg per stick of cigarette. This result is minimum in compare to other brands. Similarly, sample no SA-7 have found 0.0573mg per stick which is higher in compare to other brands.

Liposomes and ethosomes, the novel drug delivery system, are starting to be widely applied in topical preparation. Several studies showed that indomethacin, an anti-inflammatory drug loaded liposomes, when given transdermally reduced the side effects and enhanced its efficacy against rheumatoid arthritis and musculo-skeletal disorders. The anti-inflammatory activity is directly proportional to the amount of drug that actually crosses the skin and particle size of vesicles directly determines the dermal delivery of drug substances. Indomethacin loaded liposomes were prepared by different methods and characterized by determining their size and entrapment efficiency. To improve the therapeutic outcome and prepare a formulation which is skin-friendly, liposomes and ethosomes veried according to drug:lipid ration and method of preparation. The entrapment efficiency was higher for ethosomes than liposomes. Furthermore, the incorporation of the vesicles in carbopol gel increased viscocity and stability of the formulation. Hence, these finding suggested that indomethacin loaded ethosomes and liposomes prepared by appropriate method using optimum drug lipid ration could be a novel and potent transdermal delivery system for safe and effective topical analgesics.