This study was designed to assess the effect of glyphosate and mancozeb on growth of Vicia faba rhizobia isolates in vitro and on their N 2 -fixation performance. Hence, ten isolates were isolated using plant-soil trap method from soil samples collected from farm lands. Those isolates were morphologically characterized using YEMA medium and authenticated as nodulating rhizobia using sand culture. These isolates were treated with 100, 150, and 200 g a.e. L −1 glyphosate, 100, 150, and 200 mg L −1 mancozeb, and their combinations. The result showed that almost all isolates were affected (only 4-10% survival) at lower (100 mg L −1 ) concentration of mancozeb. However, 80% of isolates treated with higher concentration (200 g a.e. L −1 ) of glyphosate for 72 h formed colonies on YEMA medium. Moderate (40%) isolates also showed better (31-50% and 17-45%) survival within 100 : 100 and 150 : 150 combinations of glyphosate and mancozeb, respectively. For in vivo experiment, faba bean seedlings in sand culture were inoculated with four relatively in vitro test resistant and one sensitive isolates. The inoculated isolates were treated with field recommended concentration of glyphosate, mancozeb, and combinations. Thus, experimental plants almost all showed normal (61-124 nodule plant −1 ) nodulation and N 2 -fixation (90-109%) performance as compared to the control.
Continue climatic changes in the world enhance the emergence of invasive agricultural insect pests.Tuta absoluta is one of the most devastating tomato leafminer and it spreads extensively in almost all parts of the world. It is a serious threat for tomato production and it results in highest damage. T. absoluta has fast growth rate with developmental stages of egg, larvae, pupa, and adult and it adapts to different environmental conditions. A larva is the most destructive one that consumes preferably leaves, stems and fruits of the tomato plant by hiding within mesophyll of the plant tissues. Although different environmentally hazardous pesticides are used against T. absoluta, none of the insecticides give full control due to the resistance development. This problem calls an urgent search for eco-friendly alternatives to control this invasive insect. Recent investigations are focused on different environmental friendly approaches that inclusively termed as IPM strategies. These are cultural practices, biopesticides, and biological using parasitoids, predators, microbial cells, microbial products, RNAi, inheritance sterility development in insect and pest resistant plant cultivar production are considered as promising alternatives to control T. absoluta. Therefore, this review briefly describes the current status of these methods used to design suitable and sustainable management strategies against T. absoluta.
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important leguminous crop grown in different parts of Ethiopia.It is a nutritionally valued and N 2 -fixing legume which forms a symbiotic association with Mesorhizobium. This study was conducted to characterize and evaluate symbiotic efficacy of chickpea rhizobia isolated from soil samples collected from the study area. Seventeen chickpea rhizobia were isolated by soil host plant trap method and characterized for edaphic stress tolerance. Five of the isolates were grown at high temperature of 45°C and salt concentration of 6%, whereas seven were grown at acidic pH of 4, and four were grown at basic pH of 9. All isolates were not resistant to kanamycin, while fair resistance to erythromycin and streptomycin and modest resistance to ampicillin and azithromycin were observed. Furthermore, most of the isolates showed a variation in nodulation with higher (22 NN/p) and lowest (9 NN/p) scores. Shoot dry weight (SDW) of the plant ranged from 1.18 to 1.84 g/p and isolates showed effective (67%) to highly effective (100%) N 2 -fixing performance. From these, four isolates showed multiple edaphic stress resistance and are recognized as promising candidate for chickpea production in stressed soil; however, further study in the filed is required.
Farmers are highly dependent upon agrochemicals to boost crop production through soil fertilization and and insect pests, pathogens, parasites, and weeds management . However, contentious application of agrochemicals on the farm has aggravated residual accumulation and has become problematic for environmental safety besides causing disease to humans and other animals. Thus, the analysis of chemical residues from the environment is vital for policymakers and communities. Mostly, chemists were devoted to analyzing the existing contaminants from different sources by using highly sophisticated chromatographic equipment, although it is time taking, laborious, costly, and that required well-trained professionals. However, biosensors are more important to analyze chemical contaminants from different samples using various bioreporters integrated with electrochemical and optical transducers. Microbes are metabolically diverse, amenable for genetic engineering, cost effective in culturing, and tolerant to diverse conditions. Thus, microbial biosensor is capturing attention and becoming more effective for environmental monitoring. Therefore, this review assessed the implication of microbial biosensors for pesticide detection and the role of genetic engineering for strain improvement.
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