In response to the inadequacy of flood control infrastructures under uncertainties, building community resilience has become a vital concern in modern flood risk management for flood mitigation and recovery options. Relatedly, there has been growing recognition of the importance of community flood resilience measurement, and several tools to measure resilience have been introduced since the turn of this century. However, overall yield from resilience works can be compromised if the measurements do not conform to theoretical basis. By identifying evaluation methodology which takes the multifaceted nature of resilience into account, this study analyzed existing community flood resilience measurement tools. The results show that the importance of assessing and enhancing community competence in flood resilience building is unnoticed by the majority of the analyzed frameworks. Adopting a participatory approach and measurement under uncertainties are overlooked by a significant proportion of the frameworks. Moreover, issues of spatial and temporal interdependencies have received less attention. Consequently, the multi faceted nature of resilience appears inadequately addressed in existing frameworks, and measurements of community flood resilience tend to be inconsistent. The study would support efforts being made to improve consistency and effectiveness community flood resilience measurements and to operationalize the concept of resilience in flood disaster management.

The study focus on the socio economic impact of urban expansion on the surrounding displaced farmers in the Hawassa city, to compare and contrast the pre and post displacement livelihood pattern of the farm household and identifying the coping mechanism that the displaced community develops as a new means of livelihood. To achieve these objectives, the data was collected from primary and secondary data source and used a mixed type of research method. The sample was selected from 1321 total displaced households within the year of 2015–2019. From this population 307 respondents were selected by using Simple random sampling technique. Descriptive and econometric model are also used to analyze the data, probit regression models were used to investigate the impact of urban expansion on the livelihood of surrounding displaced farmers. The findings indicate that the expansion of urban areas to surrounding rural farm areas have impacts on the displaced farm land size, farmers’ social and economic levels, due to the change of the living style and means of livelihood from agriculture to urban life style. From the observed ten variables compensation have significant correlation at 0.01% affected the livelihood of expropriated family and farm land size, occupation, family income and social relation have significant correlations at 0.05% level. The remaining variables sex, age, education level, family sizes do not have significant correlations after land expropriation.

Urbanization is continuous worldwide phenomenon which influenced by various economic activities. This study aimed to assess driving reasons and performers that throw in a bunch for the spreading out of Dukem Metropolis. The firsthand data sources were gathered by means of questionnaires and secondhand data sources were gathered from reports, legal documents, previous study documents, and socio-economic data. The findings of the study revealed that establishment of industries and industrialization, position of the municipality, and increases in populace dimension were the dominate factors for the expansions of the town. Besides, private investors, government officials’ brokers and speculators were the key actors for expansion of the town. Hence, monitoring and controlling horizontal expansion of the town using land use planning principles are the pinnacle remedy.