This paper reports results from a study of the economic value of the conservation benefits of Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs) in Scotland. The main novelty of the approach taken is in comparing two direct valuation methods, namely contingent valuation and choice experiments, to value these benefits. The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is well‐established as a technique for valuing the sorts of landscape and wildlife enhancements associated with ESAs. The CVM experiment reported here uses a dichotomous choice format, and includes a new correction for part‐whole bias. Choice experiments are much less used as an environmental valuation technique. We note several advantages of such experiments over CVM, and then report characteristic values and ‘programme values’ estimated using the method. This application brings to light some problems in applying the choice experiment method. Finally, we discuss the issue of benefits transfer in the context of these two approaches to valuation.

T he probability and mte offarmer enby into the EnvimmtalEy Sensitive Area (ESA) scheme were investiguted by mulEinomkl logit and dumtion analysis respective4. Models w m based on a survqr of490 f i sampledM a a~s~ aU ten ESAs in Scotland. T k results indimfed a number of generic factors as important in erphining the entry dec%on. Nonentrants were less a w r e of and less informed about the scheme than entmnts. The ptvbability of entry was increased where h e scheme pescriptionf;t&d the farm situation and the costs of compliance were low The dumtion analysis suggested seueral factors accelerating scheme entry: an interest in conservation, more adequate i n f i t i o n and more &ve systems.

Highway surface runoff discharges may contain pollutants that have accumulated on the carriageway, particularly following periods of dry weather. The Highways Agency, in association with the Environment Agency, commissioned a 5‐year study in 1997 to collect data to improve the understanding of pollutants in highway runoff and the treatment efficiency of drainage systems. The study involved the monitoring of nonurban highway drainage at six sites, each for a minimum of 1 year. The results have been used to identify ranges of pollutant concentrations in highway runoff, relationships between runoff concentrations/loads and both highway and environmental factors, drainage system treatment efficiencies, and impacts on receiving waters. This paper describes the methods used for runoff monitoring, the results obtained to characterise pollutants in highway runoff, and the measured pollutant removal efficiency of a number of drainage system types.

Z ncrntivc schcnra which use Jmnurs and landownm as agents oJPliq me now the main driving fa Jor modifing the counhysidr environment. N n m t h e k , plqmaken lack quantitative nwdefs thai dam'& Jmmm' r e s w e to schemes, and spcci/idy thm enhy h i o m . This p p e r mmines the h f i t s f r o f i l modelling enhy h i m with and without additumd i n J m t i o n generated thmgh surveys oJ prticipnls and nonjmticipnb. It uses IDglt models to pmiict the probabilig oJentv into a J a m woodland i n d i v e s c h , initiab using on(y those nglanae vmi& that are available to pliqmnrkn from the annual J a m m. The model p J m d l in tdmtibng those Jatlosr prduposing fmmn to entry. The potential gains J b m enhancing the inJnmation set 6y inrOrpomting liJut~& and other vanablu not rec& in the umw are examinad. The cart oJ additional s u n y s , and their s d sump& size comprad with the VNW. casts doubt on the d u e oJsuch an appnmch which may d u u mthn than enhance pndrctivc porUn:

This chapter provides an overview of OECD work on agri-environmental indicators. It emphasizes the need to evaluate the impact of policy measures, both harmful and beneficial, to the environment, landscape and biodiversity. Indicators should guide governments and other users in their efforts to improve targeting of agricultural and environmental programmes and to monitor and assess policies.