The materials combination of inkjet-printed single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and zinc tin oxide (ZTO) is very promising for large-area thin-film electronics. We compare the characteristics of conventional complementary inverters and ring oscillators measured in air (with SWCNT p-channel field effect transistors (FETs) and ZTO n-channel FETs) with those of ambipolar inverters and ring oscillators comprised of bilayer SWCNT/ZTO FETs. This is the first such comparison between the performance characteristics of ambipolar and conventional inverters and ring oscillators. The measured signal delay per stage of 140 ns for complementary ring oscillators is the fastest for any ring oscillator circuit with printed semiconductors to date.
BackgroundRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by uncontrolled joint inflammation and destruction of bone and cartilage. We previously reported that C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10; also called IP-10) has important roles in joint inflammation and bone destruction in arthritis. However, the specific mechanisms by which CXCL10 regulates the recruitment of inflammatory cells and the production of osteoclastogenic cytokines in RA progression are not fully understood.MethodsBone marrow-derived macrophages and CD4+ T cells were isolated from wild-type (WT), Cxcl10 –/–, and Cxcr3 –/– mice. CXCL10-induced migration was performed using a Boyden chamber, and CXCL10-stimulated production of osteoclastogenic cytokines was measured by quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA. Collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) was induced by administration of collagen type II antibodies and lipopolysaccharide to the mice. Clinical scores were analyzed and hind paws were collected for high-resolution micro-CT, and histomorphometry. Serum was used to assess bone turnover and levels of osteoclastogenic cytokines.ResultsCXCL10 increased the migration of inflammatory cells through C-X-C chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3)-mediated, but not toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated, ERK activation. Interestingly, both receptors CXCR3 and TLR4 were simultaneously required for CXCL10-stimulated production of osteoclastogenic cytokines in CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, calcineurin-dependent NFATc1 activation was essential for CXCL10-induced RANKL expression. In vivo, F4/80+ macrophages and CD4+ T cells robustly infiltrated into synovium of WT mice with CAIA but were significantly reduced in both Cxcl10 –/– and Cxcr3 –/– mice. Serum concentrations of osteoclastogenic cytokines and bone destruction were also reduced in the knockout mice, leading to attenuated progression of arthritis.ConclusionThese findings highlight the importance of CXCL10 signaling in the pathogenesis of RA and provide previously unidentified details of the mechanisms by which CXCL10 promotes the development of arthritis.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-017-1353-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
High-performance single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) thin-film transistors are fabricated by single-pass inkjet printing of SWCNTs on high-κ solution-processed ZrO2 gate dielectric. We demonstrate that an ultraviolet ozone treatment of the ZrO2 substrate is critical in achieving a uniform dispersion of sorted SWCNTs in the semiconducting channel. The resulting devices exhibit excellent performance with mobility and on/off current ratio exceeding 30 cm2 V−1 s−1 and 105, respectively, at low operating voltages (<5 V). The single-pass inkjet printing process demonstrated in this letter shows great promise as a reliable and scalable method for SWCNT based high performance electronics.
Metastasis to bone is a frequent occurrence in patients with breast and prostate cancers and inevitably threatens the patient's quality of life and survival. Identification of cancer‐derived mediators of bone metastasis and osteolysis may lead to novel therapeutic strategies. In this study, we established highly bone‐metastatic PC3 prostate and MDA‐MB‐231 (MDA) breast cancer cell sublines by in vivo selection in mice. In bone‐metastatic cancer cells, the expression and secretion of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) were highly upregulated. CTGF knockdown in bone‐metastatic cells decreased invasion activity and MMP expression. RUNX2 overexpression in the CTGF knockdown cells restored the invasion activity and MMP expression. In addition, CTGF increased RUNX2 protein stability by inducing its acetylation via p300 acetyl transferase. The integrin αvβ3 receptor mediated these effects of CTGF. Furthermore, CTGF promoted RUNX2 recruitment to the RANKL promoter, resulting in increased RANKL production from the tumor cells and subsequent stimulation of osteoclastogenesis from precursor cells. In addition, animal model with injection of CTGF knocked‐down prostate cancer cells into 6‐week old BALB/c male mice showed reduced osteolytic lesions. More importantly, the expression levels of CTGF and RANKL showed a strong positive correlation in human primary breast tumor tissues and were higher in bone metastases than in other site metastases. These findings indicate that CTGF plays crucial roles for osteolytic bone metastasis both by enhancing invasiveness of tumor cells and by producing RANKL for osteoclastogenesis. Targeting CTGF may lead to the development of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies for osteolytic metastasis. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
A voltage-controlled ring oscillator is implemented with double-gate complementary transistors where both the n- and p-channel semiconductors are deposited by inkjet printing. Top gates added to transistors in conventional ring oscillator circuits control not only threshold voltages of the constituent transistors but also the oscillation frequencies of the ring oscillators. The oscillation frequency increases or decreases linearly with applied top gate potential. The field-effect transistor materials system that yields such linear behavior has not been previously reported. In this work, we demonstrate details of a material system (gate insulator, p- and n-channel semiconductors) that results in very linear frequency changes with control gate potential. Our use of a double layer top dielectric consisting of a combination of solution processed P(VDF-TrFE) and Al2O3 deposited by atomic layer deposition leads to low operating voltages and near-optimal device characteristics from a circuit standpoint. Such functional blocks will enable the realization of printed voltage-controlled oscillator-based analog-to-digital converters.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2025 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.