Despite increased attention to the evolving nature of war, the unique challenges of contemporary deployment, and women's changing role in warfare, few studies have examined differences in deployment stressors across eras of service or evaluated how gender differences in deployment experiences have changed over time. Using data collected from two national survey studies, we examined war cohort and gender differences in veterans' reports of both mission-related and interpersonal stressors during deployment. Although Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans reported more combat experiences and greater preparedness for deployment compared to Gulf War veterans, Gulf War veterans reported higher levels of other mission-related stressors, including difficult living and working environment, perceived threat, and potential exposure to nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons. Gender differences also emerged, with men reporting greater exposure to mission-related stressors and women reporting higher levels of interpersonal stressors. However, the size and nature of gender differences did not differ significantly when comparing veterans of the two eras. By understanding how risk factors for PTSD differ based on war era and gender, veterans' experiences can be better contextualized.

A thin-layer bioautographic method was developed for the determination of salinomycin in chicken liver. An aliquot of liver homogenate equivalent to 2 g of liver was extracted with isooctane. The extract was then purified on a silica gel column and chromatographed on silica gel thin-layer plates. The salinomycin zones were quantitated by a bioautography technique that makes use of Bacillus subtilis. The limit of detection was 25 ppb, and the assay response was linear from 25.0 to at least 200 ppb. The mean recovery of salinomycin from spiked samples was 108.2 ± 15.8% (x + SD).