Estimated b values in log N = a − bM are widely used in seismicity comparisons and risk analysis, but uncertainties have been little explored. In this paper, the usual F probability density distribution for b is given and compared with an asymptotic form for temporally varying b. Convenient tables for the standard error of b are given that allow statistical tests to accompany investigations of both temporal and spatial variations of b. With large samples and slow temporal changes in b, the standard error of b is σ ( b ^ ) = 2.30 b 2 σ ( M _ ) , where σ 2 ( M _ ) = ∑ i − 1 n ( M i − M _ ) 2 / n ( n − 1 ) . In an example from central California, stable estimates of b require a space-time window containing about 100 earthquakes. From 1952 to 1978, the average b and 90 per cent confidence limits are 0.95 (+0.94, −0.30). Some fluctuations of b are statistically significant but some are not. Within 90 per cent confidence limits, b changes from a low of 0.60 (+0.11, −0.09) in 1955 to a high of 1.39 (+0.25, −0.21) in 1967 and drops to 0.72 (+0.13, −0.10) in 1975. In this example, no correlation between large earthquakes (M > 5) and b variations occurred.

No abstract

No abstract

A program for an automatic computer has been developed to revise rapidly, provisional foci and origin-times of normal and deep-focus earthquakes. For each earthquake, up to 300 equations of condition found from P, pP and PKP observations are solved by least squares to give a correction to the trial location. Special attention is given to the weighting of observations and factors affecting convergence.Features of the program are that the theoretical travel-time tables are stored in complete form, and after each iteration a list of stations with corresponding distances, azimuths, and residuals as well as the root-mean-square error is printed. Applications to a 1954 hydrogen bomb explosion and a number of earthquakes are described. The results suggest that the program may be useful to research organizations requiring either regular or special location of epicentres.