Rice is the most important cereal crop and staple food consumed by more than half of the world's human population. Based on the presence of aroma, rice is categorized as the aromatic and non-aromatic rice. Aromatic rice is an important food grain crop and preferred by majority of human population. Most of the aromatic rice (short and long grain cultivars) varieties are low yielding, exhibiting inferior agronomic performance, highly sensitive to the environmental condition. Among several management practices, nutrient management is of utmost importance for its role not only in growth and development of the crop but also the maintenance of soil health and quality of the produce. At present, the farmers cultivate such premium aromatic rice following chemical-based agricultural practices which has increased productivity with inferior grain quality, degraded soil health and increased environmental pollution. Thus, it has been realized that organic nutrient management in aromatic rice is to be given paramount importance so as to attain sustainability in production and high economic return with better quality of produce. Different sources of organic manures seemed to have differential effects not only on the soil health but also on the quality of aromatic rice. Most of the cases poultry manure is considered to be one of the best organic sources when it is used after one season. Besides, other organic sources like FYM and concentrated manure are also better in sustaining crop productivity, maintaining soil health and reducing environmental pollution as compared to that with chemical farming.

A field experiment was conducted during 2019-20 and 2020-21 to study the effect of nutrient management and rice establishment methods on rice productivity, profitability, nutrient uptake and energetics in rice-groundnut cropping system in coastal Odisha. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomised block design during the Kharif and in split-plot design during the Rabi seasons with three replications. Six treatment combinations comprising of two rice establishment methods viz., direct seeded rice (DSR) and transplanted rice (TPR) and three nutrient management practices, viz., inorganic source, organic source and integrated nutrient management (INM) to rice during kharif were allotted to the main-plots. Three nutrient management practices to groundnut viz., 75% soil test based inorganic fertilizers (STBF), 100% STBF (inorganic) and INM during rabi were allotted to the sub-plots. The results of the study revealed that TPR resulted in 3.3% higher grain yield (5.65 t ha-1) than DSR. TPR also fetched the higher mean cost of cultivation (Rs. 77, 816 ha-1) and gross returns (Rs. 1, 12, 353 ha-1) while DSR recorded more net returns (Rs. 39, 121 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (1.68). Transplanting increased uptake of nutrients by rice crop to the maximum of 99.4 kg N, 27.9 kg P and 107.3 kg K ha-1 as compared to DSR. TPR recorded the higher energy output (1, 48, 205 MJ ha-1), energy ratio (18.0) and energy productivity (0.69 kg MJ-1) than DSR. INM exhibited the highest mean grain (6.06 t ha-1) and straw yields (7.09 t ha-1), while the organic management showed at par of these values. The INM practice also fetched 50, 781 ha-1 and 7,470 ha-1 higher net returns and 0.84 and 0.04 higher benefit: cost ratio over organic practice and inorganic nutrition, respectively. The INM practice in rice crop resulted in the maximum N, P and K uptake. But, the inorganic and organic practice in isolation have similar uptake of nutrients by the crop in accordance with their almost similar yields. The minimum energy for raising rice crop was spent in organic practice, which generated maximum energy ratio (23.4) and energy productivity (0.87 kg MJ-1) followed by INM and inorganic practice. Thus, transplanting method of rice establishment with INM approach is a viable management practice for improving productivity, profitability, nutrient uptake and energy efficiency of rice in rice-groundnut cropping system in coastal Odisha.

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In the recent years the important scientific challenge faced by researchers worldwide is to have a better understanding about climate change at a regional scale. However, for all the regions the changes are unequal and have localized intensity. Therefore it should be quantified at a local scale. Therefore in the current study, an attempt has been made to observe the temporal rainfall variability and trend over a period of 30years (1989-2018) at regional scale for the district Bargarh of Odisha. The detailed trend analysis of rainfall during the period 1989-2018 on seasonal and annual basis was carried out in the current study. The month of June, July, August, September is getting the leading part of the rainfall, the month July is getting highest and September is getting the lowest amount of rainfall. On an average July is getting 360mm and September is getting 202mm of rainfall respectively. The annual rainfall of the location is deviating with a Percentage change in annual and seasonal rainfall was also determined to show the change in trend. Ten year moving coefficient variation (CV) of seasonal rainfall showed a decreasing trend during kharif season and a constant trend during rabi season. The coefficient of variations is 96.9% and 22.2% in rabi and kharif season respectively.