The use of vegetable oils (VOs) to replace petroleum derivatives is very interesting. This is due to the advantages of VOs, which are relatively biodegradable and renewable. The VOs containing high unsaturated fatty acid, such as Tung oil, soybean oil, rubber oil are very potential materials for biopolymers, which can be reacted further into epoxy, polyols, and even polymers. The kinetic of epoxidation of Tung oil by peroxyacetic acid produced in-situ process was studied. In this study, the formation of peroxyacetic acid was considered as rate determining step, which controlled the overall reaction rate. The process was conducted in batch reaction at atmospheric pressure, constant mixing rate and constant ratio of raw material to acetic acid. The temperature was varied at 40, 50, 60, and 70°C. The reaction samples were taken at specific time during 2-4 hours of reaction. The result shows that the proposed simple kinetics model fits appropriately at lower reaction temperature, but does not agree at higher temperature (more than 60°C). The reaction rate constants is in the range of (3.307–9.634) × 10−6 L.mol−1.s−1, in which its collision factor and activation energy are 286,768 gram.mol−1.min−1 and 30,900 Joule/mol, respectively.

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) plays an important role in the human tissue development, the production of red blood cells and helps release energy by breaking down proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Riboflavin cannot be produced the human body therefore must be supplied outside via dairy food. Riboflavin is very sensitive and unstable to environmental influence such as light and reduction agent. One of technology for maintaining the stability of riboflavin is microencapsulation which is composed of polymer matrix containing riboflavin. Na-alginate was chosen because it has properties such as biodegradable, biocompatibility, and non-toxic. Na-alginate also has a high loading capacity of riboflavin but Na-alginate is also easy to release riboflavin. Solving this issue, Na-alginate was coated with chitosan and the layer is then reinforced by crosslinking process with glutaraldehyde. The process of forming micro-sized particles was carried out by the emulsification ionic-gel method. This research aims to study the microencapsulation process of riboflavin with Na-alginate and chitosan. This research also studied the effect of Na-alginate and chiton concentrations upon encapsulation efficiency. The research showed that microencapsulation of riboflavin with alginate and chitosan can be done. The results showed that the Na-alginate and chitosan concentrations had an effect on the encapsulation efficiency. The increase in the concentration of alginate and chitosan will make the encapsulation efficiency higher until it finally reaches the optimum point. Encapsulation efficiency will drop past that point. The optimum point for Na-alginate and chitosan concentration are 3% and 2% respectively.

Riboflavin ( Vitamin B2) plays an important role in the development of human body tissue, the production of red blood cells and helps release energy derived from protein. Riboflavin cannot be produced and stored by the human body therefore must be supplied outside via food. Riboflavin is very sensitive and unstable to environmental influence such as light and reductor. One of technology for maintaining the stability of riboflavin is microencapsulation which is composed of polymer matrix containing riboflavin. Alginate was chosen as a polymer matrix because of riboflavin’s absorption ability, biodegradable, biocompatible and non-toxic. The matrix polymer is strengthened by coating it with chitosan. The layer is then reinforced by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. This research aims to study the microencapsulation process of riboflavin with alginate and chitosan. This research also studied the effect of alginate and chiton concentrations upon the diameter of microcapsules.The results showed that microencapsulation of riboflavin with alginate and chitosan can be done. The increase in chitosan concentration will reduce the size of microcapsules diameter. The concentration of alginate does not significantly affect the size of microcapsules diameter. Average diameter microcapsule range 380 – 610 µm, smaller than other research studies

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Nowadays, energy consumption has increased as a population increases with socio-economic developments and improved living standards. Therefore, it is necessary to find a replacement for fossil energy with renewable energy sources, and the potential to develop is biofuels. Bio-oil, water phase, gas, and char products will be produced by utilizing Spirulina platensis (SPR) microalgae extraction residue as pyrolysis raw material. The purpose of this study is to characterize pyrolysis products and bio-oil analysis with GC-MS. Quality fuel is good if O/C is low, H/C is high, HHV is high, and oxygenate compounds are low, but aliphatic and aromatic are high. Pyrolysis was carried out at a temperature of 300-600°C with a feed of 50 grams in atmospheric conditions with a heating rate of 5-35°C/min, the equipment used was a fixed-bed reactor. The higher the pyrolysis temperature, the higher the bio-oil yield will be to an optimum temperature, then lower. The optimum temperature of pyrolysis is 550°C with a bio-oil yield of 23.99 wt%. The higher the pyrolysis temperature, the higher the H/C, the lower O/C. The optimum condition was reached at a temperature of 500°C with the values of H/C, and O/C is 1.17 and 0.47. With an increase in temperature of 300-600°C, HHV increased from 11.64 MJ/kg to 20.63 MJ/kg, the oxygenate compound decreased from 85.26 to 37.55 wt%. Aliphatics and aromatics increased, respectively, from 5.76 to 36.72 wt% and 1.67 to 6.67 wt%.