RESUMORealizou-se este estudo no noroeste do estado do Paraná, durante os anos agrícolas de 1994/95 e 1996/97, para avaliar os efeitos de sistemas de preparo em algumas propriedades físicas e químicas de um Nitossolo Vermelho distrófico latossólico e na cultura da mandioca (Manihot esculenta, Crantz). Os tratamentos utilizados constituíram-se de três sistemas de preparo de solo: plantio direto; preparo mínimo (escarificação + gradagem niveladora) e preparo convencional (arado de aiveca + gradagem niveladora). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completos casualizados, com seis repetições. Na camada de 0-0,10 m, os maiores valores de macroporosidade foram obtidos com os sistemas de preparo mínimo e preparo convencional, enquanto o plantio direto apresentou os maiores valores de densidade do solo. O preparo mínimo propiciou as maiores concentrações de P disponível, de K + e de Ca 2+ , bem como menor concentração de Mg 2+ , na camada de 0-0,05 m do solo. O teor de matéria orgânica do solo não sofreu influência dos sistemas de preparo. O preparo mínimo e o convencional propiciaram maior altura de plantas e maior produção de raízes tuberosas, nos dois anos de avaliação. Comparado aos outros sistemas de preparo, o plantio direto propiciou menores produtividades de parte aérea e de raízes tuberosas.Termos de indexação: propriedades físicas do solo, fertilidade do solo, cultivo mínimo, plantio direto, porosidade do solo.

ABSTRACT. We estimated the genetic diversity of 49 accessions of the hot pepper species Capsicum chinensis through analyses of 12 physicochemical traits of the fruit, eight multi-categorical variables, and with 32 RAPD primers. Data from the physicochemical traits were submitted to analysis of variance to estimate the genetic parameters, and their means were clustered by the Scott-Knott test. The matrices from the individual and combined distance were estimated by multivariate analyses before applying Tocher's optimization method. All physicochemical traits were examined for genetic variability by analysis of variance. The responses of these traits showed more contribution from genetic than from environmental factors, except the percentage of dry biomass, content of soluble solids and vitamin C level. Total capsaicin had the greatest genetic divergence. Nine clusters were formed from the quantitative data based on the generalized distance of Mahalanobis, using Tocher's method; four were formed from the multi-categorical data using the Cole-Rodgers coefficient, and eight were formed from the molecular data using the Nei and Li coefficient. The accessions were distributed into 14 groups using Tocher's method, and no significant correlation between pungency and origin was detected. Uni-and multivariate analyses permitted the identification of marked genetic diversity and fruit attributes capable of being improved through breeding programs.

ABSTRACT. The objective of the current study was to apply molecular markers (microsatellites) in the analysis of genetic diversity of 48 lines of the elite maize germplasm stored in the bank of the Cooperativa Central de Pesquisa Agrícola -Coodetec, PR, Brazil, and estimate the correlation between genetic distance and heterosis and hybrid performance from the crosses among these maize lines. Fortyfour random primers were used and amplification of 124 polymorphic fragments was obtained. The expected findings from the correlation of the yield and heterosis with the genetic distance were non-significant. However, the results suggested that data from the extreme distances could be used in breeding for more productive crosses and heterotic hybrids. Thereby, molecular markers are efficient tools for predicting hybrid performance.

ABSTRACT. Pepper species of the genus Capsicum have been cultivated over centuries, producing both pungent and sweet fruit; the pungency is caused by alkaloids called capsaicinoids. Among the five cultivated species, Capsicum chinense is one of the most popular, being native to the Amazon basin. This species is characterized by a wide variety of fruit sizes, shapes and colors, with different capsaicinoid content. In addition, fruits are rich in vitamins A and C. Despite the importance of this plant as a spice and its medicinal uses, research on its genetic variability and potential for breeding programs is still incipient. We investigated the genetic control of some traits through diallel analysis with the objective of introgressing these traits into cultivated varieties. For the diallel analysis, the progeny of crosses between peppers with pungent and sweet fruits, together with the parents, were grown in pots under greenhouse conditions. The fruits were harvested and analyzed for the traits total fresh fruit mass, total dry fruit mass, percentage dry matter, total soluble solids, vitamin C content, fruit pungency, and number of seeds per fruit. Genetic variability was detected for all traits. In the diallel analysis, the additive-dominant model was considered to be adequate for total fresh fruit mass, percentage dry matter, total soluble solids, and vitamin C content. Additive genetic effects and dominance were found for all traits; consequently, breeding for improvement of these fruit traits would be viable.

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