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Nominally undoped ZnO nanorods, which have been grown with intentionally incorporated large concentrations of zinc and oxygen vacancies, are studied with electron microscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy at low temperature. Detailed photoluminescence studies reveal that the concentration of these defects depends on the growth conditions of the nanorods as well as on their annealing history. The optical signatures of these two defects at photoluminescence experiments are related with the 3.31 and 3.235 eV peaks. The activation energies of zinc and oxygen vacancies are calculated to be 123 and 199 meV, respectively.

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ZnO nanorods are grown on large-area glass substrates with a ZnO overlayer by an aqueous solution method at temperatures ranging from 65 °C down to room temperature. The structure and morphology of the nanorods is studied with electron microscopy. They are single crystalline and grow preferentially perpendicular to the substrate. Their aspect ratio can be tailored by modifying the growth parameters. Self-assembly and subsequent selective growth of the nanorods is accomplished in pre-patterned substrates. Room temperature photoluminescence measurements reveal a strong band edge emission at 378 nm, while no defect-related visible emission is detected except for the nanorods grown at RT.