RESUMENLa intoxicación etílica es la primera toxicomanía en muchos países del mundo. Afecta a todos los tramos de edad, en los dos sexos y en casi todos los grupos sociales. La mortalidad asociada sólo a la intoxicación etílica aguda es excepcional, pero puede ser un importante factor si coexiste con ingesta de otras drogas de abuso. Es responsable directo de más de la mitad de los accidentes de tráfico. El diagnóstico es fácil por la anamnesis y la clínica y se puede confirmar determinando el nivel de etanol en sangre. El tratamiento es de sostén, intentando proteger al paciente de complicaciones secundarias.El metanol o alcohol de quemar se utiliza como disolvente, encontrándose también como adulterante de bebidas alcohólicas. La intoxicación vía oral es la más frecuente. Oxidado en el hígado a través de la enzima alcohol deshidrogenasa, la toxicidad se debe a sus metabolitos, formaldehído y ácido fórmico. La clínica consiste fundamentalmente en cefalea, náuseas, vómi-tos, hipotensión y depresión del SNC. El nervio óptico es especialmente sensible pudiendo producirse una ceguera total e irreversible.El etilenglicol se utiliza como disolvente y anticongelante; la toxicidad se debe a la acumulación de sus metabolitos. La clínica incluye síntomas comunes con la intoxicación metílica. Puede ocurrir fallo renal por necrosis tubular y depósito de cristales de oxalato.Palabras clave. Etanol. Metanol. Intoxicación. Fomepizol. Etilenglicol. ABSTRACTAlcohol intoxication is the principal drug addiction in many countries of the world. It affects all age groups, both sexes and almost all social groups. Mortality associated with acute alcohol poisoning on its own is exceptional, but it can be an important factor if it coexists with recreational drugs. It is directly responsible for more than half of traffic accidents. Diagnosis is easy by means of anamnesis and clinical examination, and can be confirmed by determining the level of ethanol in the bloodstream. Supportive care is the best therapy in order to protect the patient from secondary complications.Methanol, or alcohol fuel, is used as a solvent, and can also be found as an adulterant of alcoholic drinks. Poisoning by oral means is the most frequent. Oxidized in the liver through dehydrogenase enzyme alcohol, toxicity is due to its metabolites, formaldehyde and formic acid. The clinical picture basically consists of cephalea, nausea, vomiting, hypotension and depression of the central nervous system. The optic nerve is especially sensitive, with total and irreversible blindness as a possible result.Ethylenglicol is used as a solvent and as an antifreeze; toxicity is due to an accumulation of its metabolites. The clinical picture includes symptoms that are held in common with methylalcohol intoxication. Kidney failure due to tubular necrosis and the deposit of oxalate crystals can occur.
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