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Background and Aim: Tonometers are an important instrument for measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) in the diagnosis of glaucoma or uveitis. This study aimed to compare the accuracy of the main types of tonometers with different IOP measurement methodologies in dogs: TonoVet and TonoVet Plus (rebound), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (applanation), and Kowa HA-2 (Goldmann applanation). Materials and Methods: IOP was measured in 152 eyes of 76 dogs. A postmortem study was performed by comparing manometry and tonometry values and calculating the correlation coefficient (r2), in vivo real IOP (manometry) among the tonometers was compared, and an outpatient study was conducted with healthy eyes and eyes with signs of glaucoma and uveitis. Results: In the postmortem study, the values of r2 in descending order were Kowa (0.989), TonoVet Plus (0.984), TonoVet (0.981), and Tono-Pen Avia Vet (0.847). The IOP values in mmHg in the in vivo study were as follows: Aneroid manometer (16.8±2.5.7), TonoVet (18.1±2.9), TonoVet Plus (20.6±2.3), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (17.1±2.5), and Kowa (16.1±1.7); in outpatient clinics: TonoVet (16.8±3.8), TonoVet Plus (19.2±2.9), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (16.2±2.4), and Kowa (15.0±1.3); glaucoma: TonoVet (30.2±3.5), TonoVet Plus (35.0±6.1), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (29.5±4.2), and Kowa (23.9±5.0); and uveitis: TonoVet (14.2±1.4), TonoVet Plus (17.6±1.9), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (13.7±2.1), and Kowa (12.6±1.7). Conclusion: There was a strong correlation between IOP values and manometry in all the tonometers. The highest values were obtained with TonoVet Plus and the lowest with Kowa HA-2. All tonometers accurately measured IOP in dogs, including the latest TonoVet Plus, which showed an excellent correlation coefficient.

We describe a case of intensively pruritic and partially bullous disseminated superficial actinic prorokeratosis, with acute flare-ups. Histopathological examination showed the characteristic cornoid lamella and subepidermal blister formation in one biopsy. Grenz ray treatment resulted in a marked regression of the skin lesions and pruritus.

BackgroundMeasurement of the intraocular pressure (IOP) is a useful diagnostic tool in equine ophthalmology. Handheld tonometers, such as Tonovet and Tonovet Plus (rebound), Tono‐Pen AVIA Vet (applanation), and Kowa HA‐2 (applanation using the Goldmann methodology) are used to obtain IOP measurements in veterinary medicine.ObjectivesTo compare and evaluate the accuracy of four handheld tonometers in measuring IOP using different methodologies in healthy horses.Study designIn vivo experiment and cross‐sectional survey of healthy horses.MethodsIntraocular pressure was measured in 72 eyes of 36 horses. An in vivo study was conducted on sedated horses to compare the real IOP values obtained using manometry versus those obtained using tonometry, and a field study was conducted on unsedated healthy horses with normal eyes to measure the IOP values using different tonometers.ResultsIn the in vivo study, the mean IOP values using ocular manometry was 24.9 ± 4.0 mmHg (range, 20.0–30.0 mmHg). The mean IOP values using tonometry were: Tonovet, 25.7 ± 5.8 mmHg (range 19.5–33.0 mmHg); Tonovet Plus, 24.8 ± 7.1 mmHg (range 13.2–33.2 mmHg); Tono Pen AVIA Vet, 19.2 ± 4.7 mmHg (range 13.1–26.5 mmHg); and Kowa Ha‐2, 24.1 ± 1.2 mmHg (range 22.8–25.8 mmHg). In the field study, the IOP values were: Tonovet, 30.7 ± 5.6 mmHg (range 21.7–38.0 mmHg); Tonovet Plus, 29.6 ± 6.7 mmHg (range 16.2–38.6 mmHg); Tono‐Pen AVIA Vet, 27.3 ± 5.8 mmHg (range 14.6–37.1 mmHg); and Kowa HA‐2, 23.4 ± 2.2 mmHg (range 20.2–28.7 mmHg).Main limitationsThis study included only healthy horses and a limited number of animals in the in vivo study.ConclusionsThere was a strong correlation between the IOP values and manometry for all tonometers. IOP should be estimated using the same tonometer over time, and the bias of the tonometer used, such as overestimation (rebound tonometer) and underestimation (applanation tonometer), should be acknowledged. A normal reference value for each tonometer should be established in horses.

Studies were performed on the mechanical activity of iso- and antiperistaltic colon segments used to replace the esophagus. Transplants were challenged with a semiliquid bolus and/or a 0.1 N HCl solution, considered as common stimuli for an in situ esophagus, and the mechanical activity was investigated by means of synchronized manometric and cinefluorographic recordings. Basal activity of the interposed colon was limited to occasional monophasic waves of the segmenting type; the acid solution and the semiliquid bolus constantly elicited a peristaltic motor response transporting the contents to the gastric fundus or, in antiperistaltic colon, from the distal to the proximal part.