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Section 1-Introduction: In this section the principles of operation of data-converters, the different architectures, and the important specification parameters are presented. We begin by discussing the fundamental processes of analog-digital conversion: quantization, sampling, resolution. The various figures-of-merit of an ADC such as Integral Non-Linearity (INL), Differential Non-Linearity (DNL) and Signal-Noise Ratio (SNR) are then presented. In the second part of this section, a classification of well-known A/D converter architectures is presented. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these architectures, their respective resolution-speed-power consumption ranges, and the applications in which they find use are discussed.