Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is vital to climate change mitigation, and has application across the economy, in addition to facilitating atmospheric carbon dioxide removal resulting in emissions offsets and net negative emissions. This contribution reviews the state-of-the-art and identifies key challenges which must be overcome in order to pave the way for its large-scale deployment.

Graphite oxide (GO) / metal-organic framework (MOF-5) nanocomposites are synthesized with various ratios of the two components. In developing the concept of these new adsorbents, it was expected that distorted graphene sheets would contribute to the enhancement in the dispersive interactions, whereas MOF-5 component would contribute to the expansion of the pore space where adsorbates could be stored. Moreover, taking into account the variety of transition and noble metals, which can be used to form the MOF structure, those materials Moreover, specific combination and synergy between GO and MOF-5 units also result in the formation of a unique porosity characteristic of the nanocomposites.3

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Composites of the metal‐organic framework (MOF), MOF‐5, and graphite oxide (GO) with different ratios of the two components are prepared and tested in ammonia removal under dry conditions. The parent and composite materials are characterized before and after exposure to ammonia by sorption of N2, X‐ray diffraction, thermal analyses, and FT‐IR spectroscopy. The results show a synergetic effect resulting in an increase in the ammonia uptake compared to the parent materials. It is linked to enhanced dispersive forces in the pore space of the composites. Additionally, ammonia interacts with zinc oxide tetrahedra via hydrogen bonding and is intercalated between the layers of GO. Retention of a large quantity of ammonia eventually leads to a collapse of the MOF‐5 structure in the composites. The effect resembles that observed when MOF‐5 is exposed to water. Taking into account the similarity of ammonia and water molecules, it is hypothesized that ammonia causes a destruction of the MOF‐5 and composite structure as a result of its hydrogen bonding with the zinc oxide clusters.

New composites based on HKUST-1 and graphene layers are tested for ammonia adsorption at room temperature in both dry and moist conditions. The materials are characterized by Xray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy, adsorption of nitrogen and thermal analyses. Unlike other MOF/GO composites reported in previous studies, these materials are water stable. Ammonia adsorption capacities on the composites are higher than the ones calculated for the physical mixture of components, suggesting the presence of a synergetic effect between the MOF and graphene layers. The increased porosity and dispersive forces being the consequence of the presence of graphene layers are responsible for the enhanced adsorption. In addition to its retention via physical forces, ammonia is also adsorbed via binding to the copper sites in * To whom correpondance should be addressed. Telephone: 212-650-6017. Fax: 212-650-6107. E-mail: tbandosz@ccny.cuny.edu. 2HKUST-1 and then, progressively, via reaction with the MOF component. This reactive adsorption is visible through two successive changes of the adsorbents' color during the breakthrough tests. More ammonia is adsorbed in moist conditions than in dry conditions owing to its dissolution in a water film present in the pore system.