APE1 Asp148Glu and hOGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphisms might be associated with increasing risk of CRC in a Turkish population. Future studies with larger-sized samples, as well as detecting the association of DNA repair genes with other confounding factors will help elucidate the exact roles of DNA repair genes polymorphisms in development and progression of CRC.
BackgroundThe exact etiology of recurrent tonsillopharyngitis in children is not clear. Recurrent tonsillitis in children has multifactorial etiology like most of the diseases in childhood. In this study, our aim was to determine the potential role of vitamin D in recurrent tonsillitis by measuring serum 25-OH vitamin D levels and determining the vitamin D receptor polymorphism among children with recurrent tonsillitis.MethodsEighty-four children with recurrent tonsillitis and seventy-one healthy children aging between 2 and 10 years were enrolled in this study. Serum 25-OH vitamin D level was measured with ELISA and vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism (Apa1, Taq 1, Fok1) was determined by PCR. Serum 25-OH vitamin D level below 50 nmol/L was accepted as deficiency. The vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism in each group was compared.ResultsThe mean age was 5.6 ± 2.4 and 6.1 ± 2.7 years in study and control group, respectively. The average serum 25-OH vitamin D level was 142.7 ± 68.1 nmol/L in study group and 192.3 ± 56.1 nmol/L in control group. There was significant difference between the groups (p < 0.01). In study group, 4.7% (n = 4) of children had serum 25 OH vitamin D levels below 50 nmol/L. None of the children in control group had serum 25-OH vitamin D level below 50 nmol/L. There was no significant differences in vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms between groups.ConclusionSerum 25-OH vitamin D levels in recurrent tonsillitis group were lower than those in healthy children. But, there was no difference in the incidence of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism between the two groups.
Kalp-damar sisteminin ana işlevi hücrelere yeterli oksijen ve diğer besin maddelerini sunmaktır. Kalpdamar sistemi bu işlevini kompleks bir nöro-endokrin sistem kontrolünde yapar. Dolaşım sistemindeki işlev bozukluğu sonucu dokuların gereksinimi olan oksijen ve diğer besin madde gereksinimlerinin sağlana-madığı duruma şok denir. Doku perfüzyonu bozuktur. Şokun birçok nedeni olmasına rağmen tüm şoklarda ortak nokta hücre metabolizmasının ve enerji üreti-minin bozulmasıdır (1) .Hücrelerin enerji kaynağı adenozin trifosfattır. Şokun bir tanımı da hücrelerin gereksinimi olan yeterli enerjinin karşılanamaması, yani akut enerji yetersizliği-dir. Enerji ihtiyacı artığında veya streste glukoz glikojenoliz veya glukoneogenez ile sağlanır. Yağ metabolizması ikinci enerji kaynağıdır. Uzun zincirili yağ asitleri okside olur ve karnitin yolu ile mitokondride enerji üretime dahil olurlar. Protein de enerji ihtiyacı-nı karşılamada kullanılır. Aerobik metabolizmada anaerobik metabolizmaya göre 20 kat daha fazla enerji üretilir. Aerob metabolizmada, oksijen varlı-ğında, piruvat mitokondriye girer, piruvat dehidrogenaz enzimi ile asetil CoA dönüştürülür ve sonuçta oksidatif fosforilasyon ile her molekül glukoz başına 36 ATP üretimi gerçekleştirilir. Anaerob metabolizmada, oksijen yetersiz ise, piruvat laktata dönüşür ve bu süreçte glukoz başına 2 ATP ortaya çıkar. Laktat yapımı artar ve laktat birikir (1) .Hücreler oksijeni depolayamadıkları için normal metabolizmalarını sürdürebilmek için sürekli oksijen desteğine gereksinim duyarlar. Hücrelerin normal metabolik ihtiyacı olan oksijen desteği sağlanmadı-ğında hücreler ve dokular ciddi olarak etkilenirler. Hücre hasarı ve hücre ölümü meydana gelir. Enerji yetersizliği ile hücre homeostasisi bozulur, hücre membranınındaki iyon pompaları çalışamaz hale gelir. Sodyum hücre içine girmeye başlar, potasyum hücre dışına çıkar. Hücre içi kalsiyum artar. Hücreler şişer. Hücreler parçalandığında proteolitik enzimler ve diğer toksik maddeler hücre dışına salınır ve sistemik enflamatuar cevap oluşur. Yaygın hücre nekrozu ile çoklu organ yetersizliği meydana gelir. Geri dönü-şümsüz hale geldiğinde ölüm meydana gelir (1) .
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), coded by the gene NOS3, may play an important role in uncontrollable cellular growth in several cancer types. Our study was performed to test the association between Glu298Asp polymorphisms in the NOS3 gene and colorectal cancer risk and progression. In this study, NOS3 Glu298Asp polymorphism was genotyped in 84 patients with colorectal cancer and 99 healthy subjects using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. There were significant differences in the distribution of NOS3 genotypes and frequencies of the alleles between colorectal cancer patients and controls (P = 0.016, P = 0.006, respectively). The increased frequency of NOS3 Glu298Asp homozygotes genotypes in patients who had advanced tumour stage was statistically significant (P = 0.042). Our findings have suggested that NOS3 Glu298Asp polymorphism might be associated with the risk and progression of colorectal cancer in Turkish population.
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