Compatibility of timber and non-timber forest product management in natural tropical forests: perspectives, challenges, and opportunities Guariguata, M.R.; García-Fernández, C.; Shiel, D.; Nasi, R.; Herrero-Jáuregui, C.; Cronkleton, P.; Ingram, V.J.

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Neurogenin 3 (Ngn3), a proneural gene controlled by the Notch receptor, is implicated in the control of dendrite morphology and synaptic plasticity of cultured hippocampal neurons. Here we report the localization and subcellular distribution of Ngn3 in the hippocampus in vivo and in neuronal cultures. In situ hybridization showed Ngn3 mRNA expression in the pyramidal layer and dentate gyrus of adult mouse hippocampus. Immunohistochemistry studies revealed that Ngn3 localization is mostly cytoplasmic in the hippocampal eminence at embryonic day (E)17 and postnatal day (P)0. At P10 it is cytoplasmic in CA1-CA3 pyramidal neurons and nuclear in granule cells of the dentate gyrus. In the adult hippocampus Ngn3 is localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm of both pyramidal neurons and granule cells. During development of cultured hippocampal neurons, Ngn3 mRNA expression is higher at stages of neuronal polarization, as judged by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and it is mostly cytoplasmic. The tracking of the subcellular localization of Ngn3 in neurons infected with a virus expressing myc-Ngn3 suggests that the protein is quickly translocated to the cell nucleus after synthesis and then reexported to the cytoplasm. Treatment with leptomycin B, a potent and specific inhibitor of the exportin CRM1, induced its accumulation into the nucleus, suggesting that CRM1 mediates the nuclear export of Ngn3. These results suggest that Ngn3 may play a role in neuronal development by actions in the cytoplasm.

Key message Three genes associated with the seed coat color in a TU/Musica RIL population were located on a genetic map, and two candidate genes proposed to control black seed coat in the TU genotype were characterized. Abstract Seed coat color is an important characteristic of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) associated with the marketability of dry bean cultivars, quality and nutritional characteristics of seed, as well as response to pathogens. In this study, the genetic control of seed coat color in a recombinant inbred line population (175 lines) obtained from the cross 'TU' × 'Musica' was investigated. Phenotypic segregation fitted 1:1 for white vs. nonwhite, and 3:1 for brown versus black, indicating the involvement of three independent genes, one controlling white color and two (with epistatic interaction) controlling black color. Using a genetic map built with 842 SNPs, the gene responsible for the white seed coat was mapped on the linkage group Pv07, in the position previously described for the P gene. For the black seed coat phenotype, two genes were mapped to the beginning of chromosomes Pv06 and Pv08, in the positions estimated for the V gene and the complex C locus, respectively, by classical studies. The involvement of these two genomic regions was verified through two crosses between three selected RILs exhibiting complementary and dominant inheritance, in which the TU alleles for both genes resulted in a black phenotype. Two genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway were proposed as candidate genes: Phvul.006G018800 encoding a flavonoid 3′5'hydroxylase and Phvul.008G038400 encoding MYB113 transcription factor. These findings add knowledge to the complex network of genes controlling seed coat color in common bean as well as providing genetic markers to be used in future genetic analysis or plant breeding.