This chapter explores the linguistic features of French spoken in Northern France, based on the analysis of a speaker from La Madeleine, a small city in the Lille metropolitan area. The first part of the chapter analyses the sociolinguistic profiles of both the speaker and the region, focusing on the links between French and Picard and on the importance of the textile and coal industries. The chapter then provides a detailed discussion of specific features of Northern French, illustrated with representative examples from our corpus. It examines (i) lexical regionalisms, with a focus on the lexical fields of work, war, and school; (ii) syntactic and discursive features, e.g. the absence of the feminine third-person plural subject pronoun, ne-deletion, and the use of quoi as a discourse marker; (iii) phonetic and phonological features, in particular palatalization and depalatalization phenomena; and (iv) dialectal features.
In this study, we present a comparative corpus-based analysis of the English /s/ ~ /z/ voice contrast for learners of three L1s. Acoustic analysis of periodicity and duration for target segments confirms expectations based on L1 transfer and on the Markedness Differential Hypothesis. We found that, due to the absence of phonemic /z/ in Spanish, L1 Spanish learners exhibit great difficulty in producing voiced realisations for /z/, and more so in the (more marked) word-final position than in the (less marked) word-medial position. In contrast, L1 French and L1 Italian learners did not exhibit difficulties in reproducing the voicing patterns of English /s/ ~ /z/ neither word-medially nor word-finally, due to the existence of these sounds in their L1 (and despite differences in relative markedness for these two positions, especially considering that word-final /z/ does not exist in Italian). Finally, we observed the impact of orthography on the production of L1 French and L1 Italian learners, affecting the periodicity of /s/ and /z/ depending on spelling transparency.
Research into the effect of stress and boundaries on segmental duration in speech has, for obvious reasons, most often been applied to carefully constructed sentences pronounced in laboratory conditions. The availability of a large labelled database of British English (Aix-Marsec) provides an opportunity to test different hypotheses concerning the factors influencing segmental duration from a corpus of authentic speech (defined as speech produced with the intent of communicating its meaning to the listener). In particular, in this paper, we look at the effect of stress and boundaries on prosodic structure in British English. Recent work has suggested that while word boundaries seem definitely to have a significant effect of the duration of segments, once the number of segments in the narrow rhythm unit is known, there is no orthogonal effect of word stress. In this study we look in particular at effects of word and intonation unit boundaries and at their possible interaction with stress and find that while intonation unit boundaries definitely affect segmental duration, no similar effect could be shown for word boundaries.
Cette étude examine la règle d'assimilation progressive de voisement du -s morphémique final en anglais L2. Nous avons analysé les données du corpus IPCE-IPAC de productions orales d'apprenants en mesurant la périodicité de toutes les réalisations du -s morphémique et nous avons comparé trois groupes de locuteurs : 15 francophones natifs, 15 italophones natifs et 10 hispanophones natifs. En nous appuyant sur les distributions et sur le statut phonologique de [s] et [z] dans les L1 des apprenants, ainsi que sur le SLM (Speech Learning Model) et la MDH (Markedness Differential Hypothesis), nous avons émis l'hypothèse que les locuteurs francophones et italophones natifs seraient capables de reproduire la règle d'assimilation de voisement de l'anglais plus facilement que les apprenants hispanophones natifs. Nos prédictions ne sont que partiellement confirmées par les résultats obtenus : les apprenants francophones natifs (dont la L1 présente /s/ et /z/ en qualité de phonèmes en position finale) réussissent effectivement mieux à reproduire les schémas de périodicité. Cependant, les hispanophones natifs reproduisent la règle de voisement de manière plus fidèle que les italophones natifs. Nous comparons ces résultats avec notre étude précédente sur /s/ et /z/ non-morphémiques par les mêmes locuteurs et nous les discutons en relation avec la marque de ces deux sons. Nous proposons que l’opposition de voix entre /s/ ~ /z/ pourrait constituer une exception à la hiérarchie de la marque pour les contrastes de voix des consonnes obstruantes (début de mot < milieu de mot < fin de mot), où la position finale de mot ne se révèle pas plus marquée que les autres. De plus, les résultats de nos deux études révèlent des différences de voisement concernant les sibilantes morphémiques et non-morphémiques dans les productions d’anglais L2 (comme pour l’anglais L1). Cela pourrait avoir des répercussions sur les modèles d’acquisition de la phonologie des langues secondes, car ces modèles ne prennent actuellement pas en compte une interaction entre les sons d’une L2 et leur statut morphologique.
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