The management of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure frequently includes the use of supraphysiological fractions of inspired oxygen (FiO), which can be beneficial in the short-term but not without risks in the long-term, causing acute lung injury (ALI). Over the last few years, much attention has been devoted to the intracellular signaling transduction pathways that lead to hyperoxia-induced cell damage, particularly MAP kinase cascades. Identification of involved signaling molecules and understanding of the regulation of the main signal transduction pathways might provide the basis for improving the outcome of patients under high FiO exposure through more effective therapeutic interventions. This review, which includes studies published from 1987 to 2015, presents an overview on recent progresses in the hyperoxia ALI field with special emphasis on potential therapeutic targets and clinical approaches based on the molecular mechanisms underlying hyperoxia-induced inflammation. Further studies are needed to gain deeper insight into controversial molecular mechanisms underlying hyperoxia-induced cell death, which may play a critical role in future pharmacological interventions, as well as into hyperoxia-induced cell damage, that could monitor and therefore prevent hyperoxia ALI.
Chronic kidney disease is the most common type of organ failure worldwide, with a prevalence of 13.4% for all stages. Organ transplantation is the only curative option for endstage kidney failure. However, shortage in organ donors remains a major obstacle in organ transplantation, with donation after circulatory death being the most viable path to increase the donor pool. The circumstances that surround this type of donation are different from donation after brain death, namely concerning warm ischemia times, which are longer and may preclude a successful transplantation. This article describes the pathophysiology of warm ischemia and summarizes recent developments in technological and methodological practices that mitigate the mechanisms of warm ischemia. Anoxia, mitochondrial dysfunction, calcium overload, oxidative and nitrosative stress, immune response and no-reflow are the main mechanisms by which ischemia leads to cell death and organ dysfunction. In-situ oxygenated recirculation, abdominal normothermic organ recirculation, abdominal hypothermic organ recirculation and ex-vivo machine perfusion ensure continued organ perfusion and prevent prolonged warm ischemia in organ donation. These, coupled with the optimization in the identification and assessment of potential donors after circulatory death may lead to a significant increase in the number and success rates of organ transplantation worldwide.
Introdução: A prevalência do excesso de peso e obesidade tem vindo a aumentar nas últimas décadas, atingido cerca de 60% da população portuguesa. Estas patologias associam-se a elevada morbimortalidade, traduzindo-se num incremento de custos em saúde. Os cuidados de saúde primários (CSP) são responsáveis por intervir preventivamente junto da população, promovendo estilos de vida saudáveis. Objetivo: Criar uma ferramenta informática de apoio à prática clínica que permita ao médico de família (MF) abordar, de forma interativa e personalizada, o excesso de peso e a obesidade em adultos. Métodos: A ferramenta foi idealizada para integrar o layout do SClínico®, sendo identificada através de botão alusivo à alimentação. O clique permitiria a abertura de um questionário dividido em duas partes. Inicialmente calcular-se-iam as necessidades energéticas diárias do indivíduo (em kcal), segundo o método de Harris-Benedict. De seguida, seria obtido um valor estimado do aporte calórico diário, através do registo de um diário alimentar de 24 horas. A conversão dos alimentos referidos pelo utente em kcal seria automática, com recurso a uma base de dados pré-existente. Após preenchimento, pela diferença entre as necessidades calóricas do indivíduo e o aporte dietético obter-se-ia o balanço diário em kcal. Este valor poderia ser apresentado ao utente como ponto de partida para intervenção breve pelo MF, diálogo sobre erros alimentares e reflexão acerca da dualidade consumo/gasto energético. A ferramenta permitiria ainda a consulta do histórico de registos prévios e a impressão de folhetos de educação para a saúde. Como principal obstáculo à sua implementação, os autores destacam o tempo limitado de consulta. Discussão e Conclusão: As medidas antecipatórias e cuidados preventivos são prioridades nos CSP. A ferramenta proposta amplificaria os dados disponíveis para a intervenção breve pelo MF sobre os hábitos alimentares dos utentes, promovendo e melhorando a prática dessa abordagem nos CSP, em linha com os objetivos nacionais.
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