Background and Objectives: Chitosan, a polysaccharide derived from squid pens – the squid waste, is gaining considerable interests in biomedical engineering due to the biodegradability, biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and antibacterial activity. It is necessary to eradicate the bacteria from root canal in endodontic treatment, including Porphyromonas gingivalis. P. gingiva- lis is one of the most prevalently found bacteria in root canals and its presence can cause endodontic treatment failure. This study was conducted to find the antibacterial effect of chitosan from squid pen against P. gingivalis at a certain concentration. Materials and Methods: Chitosan 1.5% (w/v) was diluted in several tubes. The lowest concentration with no bacterial growth was considered to have antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis. Results: There was no bacterial growth in nutrient agar media at the concentration of 10.75%. Conclusion: Chitosan that was made from squid pens has antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis.

Background : Propolis is a resinous hive product collected by bees ( Apis Mellifera ) from tree buds and mixed with secreted bee wax in order to avoid bacterial contamination in the hive, and also to seal it. Propolis is employed for the treatment of various infectious diseases because it is wellknown that is has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Calcium hydroxide was introduced to the dental profession in 1921 and has been considered the “gold standard” for direct pulp capping materials   in the past decades. Aims :This research is to investigate the development of new blood vessels ( angiogenesis ) in rat's dental pulp following application of propolis extract and calcium hydroxide. Methods : There was 43 Strain Wistar rats  of 8–16 week old and 200–250 grams in weight were used in this study. The rats were randomly divided into 6 groups. Pulp exposures were performed on the occlusal surface of right maxillary first molars. At the 1st and 4th groups, as the control group, without pulp capping paste. At the 2rd and 5th groups, pulp exposure was applied with propolis extract. And at 3th and 6th groups pulp exposure was applied with calcium hydroxide ,and the 7th group is negative control is a normal teeth. Pulp exposure was applied with propolis extract. After that, all of the cavities were filled with light cured glass ionomer cement as a permanent filling. Animals on the 1st, 2rd, and 3th groups were decaputed after 7x24 hour  post  pulp capping material application and were sent for histological examination which new blood vessels ( angiogenesis )  cells were present. And at the 4th, 5th, 6th groups were culled after 7x 24 hour post  pulp capping material application and were sent for histological examination which new blood vessels ( angiogenesis ) evaluated were present. Result : All sample were histopathological examinated and data was statiscally analysed using one way ANOVA the histological analysis revealed that the development of the new blood vessels  occurred in all group. The new blood vessels ( angiogenesis ) of propolis extract group was milder compared to the control and calcium hydroxide group, with statistical analysis showed significant difference (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The development of new blood vessels is earlier happened in group capping material containing propolis and which show with reduce the amount of the new blood vessels in days 7 and 14 than the other group.

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Background: Improving the aesthetic needs of patients is followed by various improvement and development of aesthetic dentistry products. The aesthetic demand drives the patients to choose the type of restoration which has superiority on its aesthetic properties that is nanofiller composite resin. This demand also causes the patients prefer to use whitening toothpaste which its abrasive materials allegedly cause surface roughness. Surface roughness of the restoration is one of the important factors that affect the durability of the restoration. High surface roughness causes the retention of plaque and dicoloration that will ultimately affect the aesthetic of the restoration itself. Objective: To determine the increase of surface roughness nanofiller composite resin restorations after brushing with toothpaste whitening and non-whitening. Methods: 21 samples of nanofiller composite resin, divided into 3 groups. Group 1 (control) brushed with distilled water, group 2 brushed with mixture of distilled water and whitening toothpaste, and group 3 brushed using mixture of distilled water and non-whitening toothpaste. Each group was brushed with a time of 30 seconds per day for two weeks (14 days). The measurements of surface roughness were taken before and after the samples were brushed. Results: There were an increase in the surface roughness of each group after brushing. The result showed that the highest value of increased surface roughness occured in group 2 (whitening toothpaste), while the lowest value occured in group 1 (control). There are also significant differences between the value of the increased surface roughness nanofiller composite resin in each group. Conclusions: The increase of surface roughness of nanofiller composite resin after brushing with a whitening toothpaste was higher than brushing with non whitening toothpaste

Background: The success of endodontic treatment can be achieved when pathogenic bacteria are eliminated from the root canal and periapical tissue resulting in healing of such tissue. One of the bacteria located in root canals is Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) reportedly found to be in severe periapical abscesses. Photodynamic therapy is one current technology that can help eliminate microorganisms without causing damage to human body cells. Average of research has been conducted using different tools and bacteria to evaluate the effects of exposure time used in photodynamic therapy on the number of bacteria. Purpose: The research reported here aimed to determine the correlation between the exposure time of photodynamic therapy and the number of S. aureus bacteria. Methods: The S. aureus bacteria used in this research were divided into seven treatment groups: a control group and six treatment groups with respective exposure times of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 seconds. All of the bacteria were administered a photosensitiser and radiated according to the treatment intended for each group. They were then planted in nutrient agar and incubated for 48 hours. The colonies of bacteria formed were calculated using the Quebec colony counter and subsequently analyzed by means of both Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney U tests. Results: After calculating the number of bacterial colonies, the average number of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in the non-irradiated group was 119 CFU/ml, 29 CFU/ml in the group with a 10-second exposure time, 20 CFU/ml in the group with a 20-second exposure time, 13 CFU/ml in the group with a 30-second exposure time, 7 CFU/ml in the group with a 40-second exposure time, but none in the groups with exposure times of 50 or 60 seconds. Conclusion: The longer the photodynamic therapy exposure time, the greater the number of S. aureus bacteria eliminated. An exposure time of 50 seconds was found to be sufficient to exterminate all S. aureus bacteria present.