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need to deal with the problem of osteoporosis. Ideally, we should identify the most vulnerable women at the menopause and reduce the physiological decline in bone mineral, without undue risk to other systems. There is interest in ultrasound screening.20 Further studies may show that measurement of ultrasonic attenuation through the os calcis, although lacking the precision of low dose radiation techniques, may be able to identify women at greatest risk of later sustaining a hip fracture.

need to deal with the problem of osteoporosis. Ideally, we should identify the most vulnerable women at the menopause and reduce the physiological decline in bone mineral, without undue risk to other systems. There is interest in ultrasound screening.20 Further studies may show that measurement of ultrasonic attenuation through the os calcis, although lacking the precision of low dose radiation techniques, may be able to identify women at greatest risk of later sustaining a hip fracture.

EXFOLIATIVE cytology is a diagnostic procedure, which, having been generally accepted, is growing rapidly in importance as a means of early diagnosis of cancer. The Papanicolaou technique, developed originally to investigate gynaecological cancer, has been extensively applied to material from various sources and hag collected a voluminous literature testifying to its usefulness, (Papanicolaou, 1954;Ayre, 1951; Schade, 1959). The diagnosis of the malignant cell however is, in the final analysis, subjective and it is experience and familiarity with a technique that is important, not the stain used. Philps (1954), using temporary wet films stained with methylene blue (Schuster, 1947) and permanent films stained with haemalum and eosin (Dudgeon and Wrigley, 1935), diagnosed 76-9 per cent carcinomas of lung by means of exfoliative cytology. Spriggs (1957) recommends May-Grundwald-Giemsa for the examination of serious fluids. Luckeock (1961), reporting from the Brompton Hospital, describes the use of Ehrlich's acid haematoxylin and eosin for the examination of tumour cells in blood, whereas, for the same purpose, Alexander and Spriggs (1960) find Romanowsky stains useful. The present study was undertaken to evaluate fluorescence microscopy for cytological diagnosis using acridine orange as described by von Bertalanffy, Masin and Masin (1958).Fluorescence microscopy has been applied to cytology using berberine sulphate, acid fuchsin and the acridine group of stains (Friedman, 1950; Mellors, Glassman and Papanicolaou, 1952). Its use is based on the affinity of the basic fluorochrome dyes for the nucleic acids. Studies of the neoplastic cell have shown an increase in the total nucleic acids and ribonucleic acid (RNA). This increase is characteristic of cells showing a high protein synthesis and is seen in embryonic, regenerating, secretory and malignant cells. The RNA is found in the cytoplasm and the nucleoli of the affected cells. Increase in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), found in the chromatin of the nucleus, is seen in cells undergoing mitosis and polyploidy characteristic of advanced cancer. The fluorescent techniques described by Friedman and others have proved tedious and inadequate.von Bertalanffy et al. (1958) have reviewed the literature on the role of nucleic acids in malignant cells, and the theoretical considerations for the use of basic fluorochrome stains and they have suggested the use of acridine orange in routine exfoliative cytology.Acridine orange (AO) is a histochemical fluorochrome with a selective affinity for nucleic acids. At a concentration of 0.01 per cent and a pH of 6, recommended by von Bertalanffy, the DNA fluoresces yellow to whitish green, and the RNA red.

The Ayre and the Armovical cervical spatulae were compared in a randomized trial involving 982 women of childbearing age. It was found that the Armovical spatula was slightly less effective than the Ayre spatula in obtaining adequate numbers of squamous cells. The Armovical spatula was, however, far better at providing a sample of endocervical or metaplastic cells and, as a result, yielded a substantially higher proportion of 'satisfactory' smears (54 per cent as against 39 per cent). Red blood cells were more often present in smears taken with the Armovical spatula than with the Ayre spatula, Although the data in the present study were too few to prove that the Armovical spatula is better than the Ayre spatula at detecting cellular abnormalities, it seems likely that this is so.