Rabbit does were given free access to their young, access once a day, and access twice a day. In all three groups the young were nursed only once every 24 hours. Growth curves for the pups from day 2 of age to day 30 were identical for all three groups. The restriction of suckling to once a day appears to depend on the mother and not the pups.

Objectives: Current literature estimates the error rate associated with the preparation and administration of all intravenous (IV) medications to be 9.4% to 97.7% worldwide. This study aims to compare the number of observed medication preparation and administration errors between the only commercially available ready-to-administer product (Simplist) and IV push traditional practice, including a cartridge-based syringe system (Carpuject) and vials and syringes.Methods: A prospective, multisite, observational study was conducted in 3 health systems in various states within the United States between December 2015 and March 2016 to observe IV push medication preparation and administration. Researchers observed a ready-to-administer product and IV push traditional practice using a validated observational method and a modified data collection sheet. All observations were reconciled to the original medication order to determine if any errors occurred.Results: Researchers collected 329 observations (ready to administer = 102; traditional practice = 227) and observed 260 errors (ready to administer = 25; traditional practice = 235). The overall observed error rate for ready-to-administer products was 2.5%, and the observed error rate for IV push traditional practice was 10.4%. Conclusions:The ready-to-administer group demonstrated a statistically significant lower observed error rate, suggesting that use of this product is associated with fewer observed preparation and administration errors in the clinical setting. Future studies should be completed to determine the potential for patient harm associated with these errors and improve clinical practice because it relates to the safe administration of IV push medications.

Two social groups of young rhesus monkeys, one socially deprived and the other raised with mother and age-mates, showed marked differences in the complexity of social organization. Compared to deprived monkeys, experienced animals interacted more often as trios and larger subgroups, the response structure of their triadic subgroups was more complex, and only in this group did functional aspects of triadic interactions suggest that one individual recognized the status relations between the other participants. These findings indicate that early social experience affects levels of social competence that transcend variations in ethologically derived response patterns and that cannot be seen in arranged dyadic encounters.

The ontogeny of adrenocortical responsiveness in lambs was studied from 24 hr of age to maturity. Throughout the neonatal period, the adrenal axis was responsive to exogenous ACTH and the stresses of both restraint and exposure to open field testing. Newborn lambs both had higher resting levels of plasma corticosteroids and responded to the test stimuli with greater increases in corticosteroids than did other age groups. From the second week of life, the responsiveness of the adrenal axis was comparable to that of mature ewes. On exposure to an open field arena, lambs vocalized less and initiated movement sooner with increasing age and experience through 35 days of age, after which there was little change. Once locomotion was initiated, there was little difference in the amount of time spent moving in the arena. Open field testing was as potent a stimulator of the adrenal axis as restraint stress or exogenous ACTH.

There is great need for cost effective approaches to increase patient engagement and improve health and well-being. Health and wellness coaching has recently demonstrated great promise, but the majority of studies to date have focused on individual coaching (ie, one coach with one client). Newer initiatives are bringing a group coaching model from corporate leadership development and educational settings into the healthcare arena. A group approach potentially increases cost-effective access to a larger number of clients and brings the possible additional benefit of group support. This article highlights some of the group coaching approaches currently being conducted across the United States. The group coaching interventions included in this overview are offered by a variety of academic and private sector institutions, use both telephonic and in-person coaching, and are facilitated by professionally trained health and wellness coaches as well as trained peer coaches. Strengths and challenges experienced in these efforts are summarized, as are recommendations to address those challenges. A working definition of “Group Health and Wellness Coaching” is proposed, and important next steps for research and for the training of group coaches are presented.