Abstract. Large scale fire tests of building external wall insulation system were conducted. In the experiment, thermal-couples were mounted to measure the insulation system surface temperature and the gas temperature inside rooms at the second and third floors. Photos were also taken during the fire tests. The measurement provides information of the ignition and fire spread of the external insulation system which consists of surface protection layer, glass fibre net, bonding thin layer, anchor and the load bearing wall.Comprehensive simulations of the fire tests were carried out using an advanced CFD fire simulation software Simtec (Simulation of Thermal Engineering Complex) [1,2], which is now released by Simtec Soft Sweden, with the turbulent flow, turbulent combustion, thermal radiation, soot formation, convective heat transfer, the fully coupled three dimensional heat transfer inside solid materials, the 'burn-out' of the surface protection layer and the pyrolysis of the insulation layer, etc, all computed.The simulation is compared with experimental measurement for validation. The simulation well captured the burning and fire spread of the external insulation wall.

Thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) coupling processes in unsaturated soils are very important in both theoretical and engineering applications. A coupled formulation based on hybrid mixture theory is derived to model the THM coupling behavior of unsaturated soils. The free-energy and dissipative functions for different phases are derived from the Taylor's series expansions. Constitutive relationships of the THM coupled behavior for unsaturated soils, which include deformation, entropy change, fluid flow, heat conduction, and dynamic compatibility conditions on the interfaces are then established. The number of field equations is shown to be equal to the number of unknown variables; thus, a closed problem is formed. In addition to the modification of the physical conservation equations with coupling effect terms, the constitutive equations, which consider the coupling of elastoplastic deformation of the soil skeleton, fluid flow, and heat transfer, are derived.

It is of significance that the stress value and distribution of tank body is determined accurately to ensure safety and reliable operation during the design and checking of hot-metal ladle. Aiming at the performances of lOOT hot-metal ladle in service. the stress fields of hot-metal ladle that is at the states of being slung vertically and rolled-over are analyzed by ANSYS software in order to obtain the numerical value and distribution of stress. The results show that, under the two conditions, the maximum equivalent tension stress of tank body is less than the admissible stress of material, which meets the requirement of intensity. The finite element analysis results accord with practical operation of hot-metal ladle. The method is reasonable and reliable, which can provide some theoretical evidences for the design and checking of hot-metal ladle.

This paper focus on orthogonal design of a small gas burner which burns clean gas fuels such as natural gas (methane), hydrogen. In order to optimize the structure of the gas burner, several burners with different sizes are presented and discussed in this paper, by comparing the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation results of the combustion characteristic basing on the orthogonal design method. The burner structure is optimized basing on the CFD simulation. The CFD simulation results show that the optimized burner gets the better performance and higher temperature at the outlet than other structures.

The macroscopic behavior of sands is closely related with its microstructure. Starting from the microstructure of sands, using micromechanics and integrated with statistically homogenization, considering intergranular contact force and branch vector, the paper focuses on the expressions for macroscopic stress; Integrated with the fabric characteristics of granular material, the second-order fabric tensor F is derived, and the relationship between stress-force-fabric is established. It shows that the macroscopic stress of sands is closely directed with inherent and stress-induced anisotropy, and the tendency between shear strength and fabric is same which lay the foundation for the following constitutive relationship for sands.