Latar Belakang: Hipertensi merupakan gangguan kronis yang dapat menyebabkan timbulnya penyakit-penyakit berbahaya lainnya. Prevalensi hipertensi di Indonesia termasuk tinggi, Angka hipertensi di Kabupaten Jombang hampir mendekati angka hipertensi nasional. Prolanis merupakan program pengelolaan penyakit kronis di puskesmas yang diharapkan mampu meningkatkan kualitas hidup peserta.Tujuan: Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian edukasi terhadap pengetahuan mengenai hipertensi pada peserta Prolanis perempuan di Puskesmas Brambang Kabupaten Jombang.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pre-experimental dengan rancangan penelitian one group pretest-posttest. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode insidental sampling dan didapatkan responden sebanyak 19 orang dengan kriteria inklusi diantaranya memiliki jenis kelamin perempuan, memiliki tekanan darah tidak normal dan memiliki kemampuan untuk mendengar, membaca dan menulis. Data dianalisis menggunakan paired sample T-test (uji T berpasangan) untuk mengetahui pengaruh edukasi gizi terhadap pengetahuan mengenai hipertensi pada peserta Prolanis dengan nilai signifikansi 0,05 dan CI 95%.Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa skor post-test meningkat 14,22% dari skor pre-test. Hasil uji t-test menunjukkan bahwa pemberian edukasi tentang hipertensi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap peningkatan pengetahuan peserta Prolanis (p = 0,003).Kesimpulan: Pemberian edukasi mengenai hipertensi yang meliputi pengertian dan klasifikasi hipertensi, gejala, faktor penyebab, cara pengendalian, serta pemahaman terkait makanan yang harus dibatasi oleh penderita hipertensi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap peningkatan pengetahuan peserta Prolanis.

Over the past two years, the world has faced the pandemic, COVID-19, and various changes. Several regulations and recommendations from the Ministry of Health of Indonesia have contributed to behavioral changes among Indonesian residents, especially in food consumption patterns. The change in food consumption patterns can be a positive change that formed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to examine whether the application of a Health Belief Model (HBM)-based nutrition education programme can be effectively used in changing the beliefs of adults with or without a COVID-19 history in supplement and nutrient intake. This study was a cross-sectional study involving 140 adults. This study placed 70 adults with/without a COVID-19 history into the intervention group. The intervention group participated in a nutrition education programme. The respondents were asked to fill out the questionnaire. The data were analyzed by independent and paired t-tests and Chi-square test. The result of this study showed no association between perceived susceptibility, severity, benefit, barrier, and self-efficacy, of nutrient and supplement intake with the history of COVID-19 among the respondents. However, most of the respondents in this study were low in their scores of perceivedness. Thus, it is still important for the government to increase nutrient and supplement intake education, especially in young adults aged below 25 years old.

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AbstrakLatar Belakang: Usus manusia merupakan tempat tinggal berbagai jenis mikroorganisme baik mikroorganisme menguntungkan maupun merugikan yang membentuk suatu mikrobiota. Mikrobiota usus mempunyai peranan penting terhadap kesehatan manusia, salah satunya menurunkan resiko obesitas.Tujuan: Tujuan penulisan kajian pustaka ini adalah untuk menjabarkan peran mikrobiota usus dalam menurunkan resiko obesitas baik melalui pemberian prebiotik, probiotik, maupun sinbiotik.Metode: Penelusuran literatur dilakukan melalui mesin pencari Google Scholar menggunakan kata kunci ‘obesity’, ‘prebiotic’, ‘probiotic’, ‘synbiotic’, dan ‘gut microbiota’ pada jurnal nasional maupun internasional dengan kriteria inklusi yaitu penelitian dengan desain Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) dan dilakukan pada subjek kelompok usia dewasaDiskusi: Hasil literature review menunjukkan bukti bahwa mikrobiota usus yang seimbang memiliki peran dalam menjaga kesehatan serta menurunkan resiko obesitas dengan mempengaruhi metabolisme energi, absorbsi zat gizi, integritas dinding usus, dan adipogenesis. Probiotik dapat menghambat pertumbuhan patogen usus serta meningkatkan sistem imun. Prebiotik berperan dalam mencegah overexpression beberapa gen yang berhubungan dengan adiposa, menurunkan nafsu makan dan massa lemak tubuh. Sinbiotik merupakan gabungan antara probiotik dan prebiotik yang memiliki efek lebih baik karena dengan adanya prebiotik, mikroorganisme probiotik memiliki toleransi yang lebih tinggi terhadap kondisi lingkungan seperti oksigenasi, pH, dan suhu dalam usus. Beberapa penelitian selama minimal 12 minggu menggunakan dosis probiotik dibawah 108 cfu/hari mampu memunculkan efek penurunan lemak adipose. Sedangkan untuk dosis prebiotik antara 12-21 gr/hari mampu memperbaiki regulasi glukosa pada dewasa obesitas.Kesimpulan: Modifikasi menggunakan prebiotik dapat memicu produksi serta pelepasan bentuk aktif dari  GLP‑1, penurunan ghrelin dan peningkatan PYY yang dapat menurunkan nafsu makan dan asupan energi. Modifikasi menggunakan probiotik dapat menurunkan absorbsi lemak, yang akan menyebabkan penurunan lemak abdomen. Sedangkan modifikasi menggunakan sinbiotik dapat menurunkan nafsu makan setelah peningkatan kadar GLP-1 dan PYY melalui mekanisme peningkatan produksi butirat (SCFA) oleh probiotik.Kata kunci: mikrobiota usus, prebiotik, probiotik, sinbiotik, obesitas AbstractBackground: Human intestine is the place of various types of microorganisms both beneficial and harmful microorganisms that form a microbiota. Intestinal microbiota has an important role in human health, one of which is reducing the risk of obesity.Objectives: The objective of this literature review is to describe the role of intestinal microbiota in reducing the risk of obesity through both prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics.Methods: Literature was conducted through the Google Scholar search engine using the keywords 'obesity', 'prebiotic', 'probiotic', 'synbiotic', and 'gut microbiota' in national and international journals with inclusion criteria, randomized controlled trial design ( RCT) and was carried out in adult age group subjects.Discussion: The results of this literature review show evidence that a balanced intestinal microbiota has a role in maintaining health and reducing the risk of obesity by affecting energy metabolism, nutrient absorption, the integrity of the gut barrier, and adipogenesis. Probiotics can inhibit the growth of intestinal pathogens and enhance the immune system. Prebiotics play a role in preventing overexpression of some genes associated with adipose, decreasing appetite and body fat mass. Synbiotics are a combination of probiotics and prebiotics which are believed to have a better effect than probiotics or prebiotics.Conclusions: Modifications using prebiotics can trigger the production and release of active forms of GLP 1, decreased ghrelin and increased PYY which can reduce appetite and energy intake. Modifications using probiotics can reduce fat absorption, which will cause a decrease in abdominal fat. While modification using synbiotics can reduce appetite after increasing GLP-1 and PYY levels through a mechanism of increasing butyrate production (SCFA) by probiotics.Keywords: gut microbiota, prebiotic, probiotic, synbiotic, obesity

BACKGROUND: As a country with various cultures, Indonesia has several regional specialties, one of which is Pork Se’i from East Nusa Tenggara. Studies showed that higher intake of red and processed meat was significantly associated with an increased risk for incident chronic kidney disease (CKD). AIM: This study was conducted with the goal to find out the relationship between consumption of Pork Se’i and water intake with CKD among patient in RSUD W.Z. Johannes, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. METHODS: This research was an observational study with a case–control design involving 92 respondents at W.Z Hospital Johannes in the period of July 2020. The determination of consumption of Pork Se’i and water was acquired through the use of Semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire as an instrument. Chi-square test was used as a statistical test for this study. RESULTS: In the case group, more than half of the respondents (58.7%) were male, while in the control group, more than half of the respondents (60.9%) were female. More than half (58.7%) of case group respondents consume water <1 L/day. More than half (58.7%) of case group respondents consume water <1 L/day, while most of the control group respondents (73.9%) consumed 1 L of water/day. The Pearson Chi-square test showed significant relationship between water consumption and CKD (p = 0.003). The frequency of consumption of Pork Se’i in the case group respondents was mostly in the sometimes (47.8%) and usually (47.8%) categories. Only a small proportion of case respondents (4.3%) rarely consume Pork Se’i. There was a significant relationship between consumption of Pork Se’i with CKD (p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: Our study found that consumption of Pork Se’i has a significant correlation with CKD.