Este artículo propone analizar algunas de las formas de la violencia de género ejercida en contra de mujeres transexuales mexicanas. En un primer momento, examina el proceso de construcción de cuerpos e identidades transexuales, y el ejercicio del poder disciplinario que se ejecuta contra estos cuerpos desde la institución familiar. Destaca algunas consecuencias de esta violencia como la independización temprana y la migración hacia la Ciudad de México. Posteriormente, reflexiona sobre la violencia que afecta a estos cuerpos en la edad adulta, particularmente en el ámbito laboral, para tratar de entender en qué medida la violencia y el poder disciplinario representan un continuum que puede analizarse en función de factores socioculturales, estructurales e individuales.
Cet article analyse la maternité en milieu carcéral comme un ensemble de valeurs et de pratiques définies à partir des différents types de rapports sociaux observables en prison. Dans une perspective comparative entre détenues politiques et détenues de droit commun, il examine les spécificités de l’enfermement féminin au Pérou et se demande dans quelle mesure la manière dont la maternité est prise en charge en prison est l’expression de droits mais agit également comme un outil de contrôle social des femmes incarcérées. La maternité en milieu carcéral s’inscrit au sein d’un système complexe qui vient servir d’une part un ensemble de besoins économiques et représente d’autre part un capital social important. Les mères incarcérées ne subissent pas simplement la maternité mais peuvent aussi faire valoir leur statut de mère comme une stratégie leur permettant d’opposer une certaine forme de résistance face aux limites et pressions imposées par l’enfermement.
Purpose The aim of this study is to analyze how the dispositif of sexuality operates toward trans women imprisoned in a male prison in Mexico City, to understand how sexual norms that come from the heteropatriarchal model so as from the “internal law” produce transphobic violence. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on the queer theory, Foucault’s works on sexuality and power, Segato’s theory about war against women’s bodies and on a fieldwork realized between 2015 and 2019 in Mexico City, with prisoners and former prisoners. Findings The sexuality dispositif works in a particular way inside prison. It is the result of the heteropatriarchal model and laws defined by both prisoners and prison workers, all involved in the Mexican war context. The effects are materialized through violence toward trans* women whose bodies serve for rape, male appropriation and exchange between powerful subjects. Research limitations/implications This paper produces knowledge about imprisonned trans* people, a very few developped field in prison studies, especially in Latin America. Practical implications The paper demonstrates how specific violence toward trans* women imprisoned in a male prison in Mexico City deepens violent dynamics that occur out of the prison. So, it questions the meaning of a sentence in the actual Mexican prison system. It may help to think about staff’s training/education to guarantee basic human rights for imprisoned trans* people. Additionally, the theorization of “internal law” could help prison authorities to rethink classification and treatment for prisoners. Social implications This paper provide specific knowledge on imprisonned trans* women and helps to think and act different with this people through the understanding of their special vulnerability. Originality/value There are only a few papers about imprisoned trans population throughout the world and fewer in Latin America and Mexico. Additionally, this paper aims to overcome the “internal order” as it is always theorized as proper of detainees. It wants to show that the prison order in a Mexico City prison, borns from the meeting of cultural specificities from outside and inside, and from both prisoners, organized crime and prison staff.
Economía del espacio carcelario amplio: una cárcel limeña en el centro de múltiples operaciones informales Chloé Constant * Resumen El presente artículo se basa en un trabajo de campo realizado adentro y en los alrededores de la cárcel limeña que acoge al mayor número de mujeres privadas de libertad en el Perú. Propone analizar los mecanismos que rigen un conjunto de operaciones económicas que no están limitadas al espacio carcelario sino que extienden su influencia a un área geográfica vinculada al establecimiento penitenciario. Entrevistas a profundidad permiten conocer la variedad de actores presentes en el espacio carcelario amplio, entender sus papeles y funciones en la red económica que se ha ido tejiendo a lo largo del tiempo entre el interior y el exterior de la cárcel. La comprensión de la complejidad de este universo se basa en los conceptos de desviación y cultura de la transgresión para dar a conocer una realidad poco explorada hasta hoy.
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