HighlightsThis work presents the methodologies and evaluation results for the WHS algorithms selected from the submissions to the Multi-Modality Whole Heart Segmentation (MM-WHS) challenge, in conjunction with MICCAI 2017.This work introduces the related information to the challenge, discusses the results from the conventional methods and deep learning-based algorithms, and provides insights to the future research.The challenge provides a fair and intuitive comparison framework for methods developed and being developed for WHS.The challenge provides the training datasets with manually delineated ground truths and evaluation for an ongoing development of MM-WHS algorithms.

In many medical image analysis applications, often only a limited amount of training data is available, which makes training of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) challenging. In this work on anatomical landmark localization, we propose a CNN architecture that learns to split the localization task into two simpler sub-problems, reducing the need for large training datasets. Our fully convolutional SpatialConfiguration-Net (SCN) dedicates one component to locally accurate but ambiguous candidate predictions, while the other component improves robustness to ambiguities by incorporating the spatial configuration of landmarks. In our experimental evaluation, we show that the proposed SCN outperforms related methods in terms of landmark localization error on size-limited datasets.

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