. Diplomatic documents which record the relationship between France and the court of the bey of Tunis from the late seventeenth century to the mid-nineteenth century offer a unique source to understand the way in which cultures with very different assumptions meet and adapt to each other. The ceremonies of submission and reverence had to be adapted to meet European understandings of the state and nation while taking account of Muslim attitudes to infidels. The French Revolution introduced new criteria and new tensions which continued to vex relations into the nineteenth century. This double mirror of ' Otherness ' raises interesting questions about the nature of culture and how cultures prove to be very flexible in practice. In spite of the dichotomization of the Others as strangers, there was agreement on common norms governing social situations where actors effectively interacted.
Christian WINDLER Diplomatie et interculturalité: les consuls français à Tunis, 1700-1840 Cet article plaide en faveur d’une his~toire diplomatique renouvelée par l’ouverture sur les méthodes de l’histoire culturelle et sociale, notamment la microhistoire. Ce sont les expériences individuelles et collectives, les connaissances européennes sur l’Autre, non-européen, et les pratiques d’interaction – l’usage linguistique, le tribut et le don – qui fournissent à l’analyse sa matière. Le concept essentialiste de culture qui sous-tend l’analyse des relations interculturelles en tant que «choc des civilisations» (S. P. Huntington) ne permet pas de comprendre les processus de définition et de redéfinition d’identités. L’article met en relief l’importance des inter~actions réciproques comme lieu de la pro~duction de normes diplomatiques partagées. Cependant,entre 1700 et 1840,les conditions dans lesquelles se déroulent les contacts entre chrétiens et musulmans se modifient profon~dément. À partir des révolutions de la fin du XVIIIe siècle, les Européens sont de plus en plus réticents à accepter le pluralisme nor~matif de l’ordre diplomatique méditerranéen.
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