Introduction:Injuries concerning the skull, the mouth and thus potentially involving the mouth and teeth are characterized as major public health problems due to their high prevalence and very serious functional and aesthetic consequences. Pain, aesthetic and functional problems arising from dental trauma significantly disrupt normal function, and impact, often dramatically, on young patients’ quality of life.Procedure:With regards to the behavior management approach to a child who has suffered a dental trauma, dentist’s first step is to be to reassure child and parents. They should feel that the emergency is being properly treated on the part of the dentist and feel safe. The dentist should offer psychological support to child and parents and focus on alleviating any possible pain the child may feel. But, before that, a good level of communication with the child should be established.Conclusion:This can be achieved through the tell-show-do technique, a presentation of the special session’s structure, the positive reinforcement method, the attention distraction method and exploiting the child’s imagination. The detailed description of the treatment to be followed is crucial for reducing the child’s level of stress, as well as that of the parents. Immediately after the completion of treatment, dentist should give listening time to the parents for any queries and include the child who probably wants to share their experience.

Background/aimOsteopetrosis is an inherited disease characterized by increased bone density. Its genetic variability results in various phenotype expressions, whereas clinically are classified in three types: malignant infantile, intermediate and adult. The various oral manifestations of the disease give a crucial role to the pediatric dentists in diagnosis.Case presentationA 7‐year‐old girl with persistent swelling on right cheek visited a pedodontic clinic. After extra‐ and intra‐oral examination/findings, the patient was referred for further investigation concerning a possible general pathological background. An extraction, included in the initial dental treatment plan, led to the diagnosis of osteopetrosis. Various medical examinations co‐led to the diagnosis of osteopetrosis but without genetic identification. Extractions of carious teeth, under general anesthesia, and full cover or sealants, on chair, of unaffected teeth were conducted respectively to minimize the microbial load and to prevent from osteomyelitis relapse and new caries. Two more general anesthesia sessions took place due to relapse of lower jaw osteomyelitis. Follow‐up was conducted every 3 months for 2 years.ConclusionOsteopetrosis’ diagnosis can be triggered by its oral manifestations (rampant caries, osteonecrosis, enamel defects, malformed roots/crowns, missing teeth), for which the pediatric dentist could be the first observer. Management of these patients needs multidisciplinary approach and follow‐up appointments should be very frequent.

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Short Reports due to biliary obstruction from enlarged portal glands. Confirmation of the diagnos:s during life has been made by histological examination of material from an infected mastoid, a cervical lymph node, or tibial bone-marrow (Amick, Alden, and Sweet, 1950). To the best of our knowledge, our patient is the first case of congenital tuberculosis diagnosed by liver biopsy. Summary A case of congenital tuberculosis presented with hepatosplenomegaly during the first month of life is reported. Diagnosis was confirmed by liver biopsy. The baby was treated with streptomycin, isoniazid, PAS, and prednisone, and survived without sequelae. REFERENCEs

A 55-year-old man with no significant cardiovascular risk factors presented with intermittent chest tightness on exertion as well as syncopal attacks of 3 months' duration. Physical examination was unremarkable, and laboratory findings including troponin I levels were normal. The ECG did not show any ischemic changes apart from poor anterior R-wave progression. A chest radiograph showed mild cardiomegaly. An echocardiogram was performed that showed two large sinus of Valsalva aneurysms ( Figure 1 and Movie I). These were confirmed by a contrast-enhanced, 16-multidetector-row computed tomography angiogram (Somatom 16, Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany) with retrospective ECG gating. Two giant sinus of Valsalva aneurysms of 7 cm maximum diameter were seen arising from the right and noncoronary sinuses. The aneurysms were compressing the right ventricle, right atrium, and left atrium. The ascending aorta was normal