Epidermal electrophysiology is widely carried out for disease diagnosis, performance monitoring, human-machine interaction, etc. Compared with thick, stiff, and irritating gel electrodes, emerging tattoo-like epidermal electrodes offer much better wearability and versatility. However, state-of-the-art tattoo-like electrodes are limited in size (e.g., centimeters) to perform electrophysiology at scale due to challenges including large-area fabrication, skin lamination, and electrical interference from long interconnects. Therefore, we report large-area, soft, breathable, substrate- and encapsulation-free electrodes designed into transformable filamentary serpentines that can be rapidly fabricated by cut-and-paste method. We propose a Cartan curve–inspired transfer process to minimize strain in the electrodes when laminated on nondevelopable skin surfaces. Unwanted signals picked up by the unencapsulated interconnects can be eliminated through a previously unexplored electrical compensation strategy. These tattoo-like electrodes can comfortably cover the whole chest, forearm, or neck for applications such as multichannel electrocardiography, sign language recognition, prosthetic control or mapping of neck activities.

We provide a theory for spatial solitons due to the two-photon photorefractive effect based on the Castro-Camus model ͓Opt. Lett. 28, 1129 ͑2003͔͒. We present the evolution equation of one-dimensional spatial solitons in two-photon photorefractive media. In steady state and under appropriate external bias conditions, we obtain the dark and bright soliton solutions of the optical wave evolution equation, and also discuss the self-deflection of the bright solitons theoretically by taking into account the diffusion effect.

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