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The aim of this article is to analyse the question of career interruptions and to evaluate their impact on pension retirement for French private sector workers. Using the last French survey on households' wealth (2003)(2004), we first study the career set-backs for individuals born between 1937 and 1949. We highlight the new trends in professional paths. The risk of unemployment and job flexibility has sharply risen. As a consequence, some cohorts appear to be more exposed to career interruptions. Second, we determine how pension rights for French employees are affected by different career accidents. We consider unemployment, part-time employment and inactivity periods. Our results show how, by compensating for some career accidents, the French legislation allows individuals to receive, in some cases, the same level of social security pension that they would have received with a smooth professional path. The Geneva Papers (2011Papers ( ) 36, 440-457. doi:10.1057Papers ( /gpp.2011 Keywords: career interruption; pensions; social security IntroductionThe retirement age and the standard of living of pensioners depend on a variety of individual and familial life routes: age of employment entry, children, life expectancy, unemployment, inactivity, etc. These deviations from a continuous career are more frequent than in the past in most OECD countries and could induce a strong impact on the age of retirement and on pension benefits. 1 The aim of this article is to evaluate the effects of several cases of career breaks on the retirement pension for French workers.The literature dealing with this subject highlights the specific situation of women. A lot of studies provide an analysis of women's career interruptions due to childbirth. Arun et al.2 and Malo and Munoz-Bullon 3 conduct this type of study respectively in the Australian and British cases. According to Arun et al., Arun et al. (2004). 3 Malo and Munoz-Bullon (2008). The Geneva Papers, 2011, 36, (440-457) r 2011 The International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics 1018-5895/11 www.genevaassociation.org women face income penalties because of their child-related career breaks. show that women tend to choose lower-prestige occupations in anticipation of their career interruptions. Nakamura and Ueda 4 investigate the determinants of career interruption following childbirth for married women in Japan. Their results show the difficulty for an educated woman to find an equivalent position when she quits her job due to childbirth. From Danish data, Gupta and Smith 5 assess the negative impact of children on mothers' human capital accumulation. In most cases, the number of children has a negative effect on women's wages and consequently on women's pensions.While children affect particularly women's careers, others career break determinants could be identified. The literature on the French case [6][7][8][9][10] shows that many individuals are now affected by several breaks during their professional trajectory due to unemployment, early retirement, par...

Abstract:The French retirement reform of 1983 has created a particular framework where the age at which an individual can retire and receive a full-rate pension is conditional to both a legal minimum age and a required insurance duration. This framework may be seen as a way to compensate inequalities as regards retirement duration by allowing low-life expectancy workers to retire earlier. Indeed, life expectancy increases with education and the level of earnings. Low-educated workers, who entered the labor market earlier than high-educated workers, may reach the required insurance duration, and thus retire, earlier. However, the extent with which the framework of the pension system may allow compensating inequalities might have changed due to the 1993, 2003 and 2010 reforms, which modified either the insurance duration or the minimum age criteria. In this paper, we address empirically the extent of redistribution as regards retirement duration across social groups using a singular modeling of professional career and retirement decision based on a large administrative datasets: the so-called PROMESS model. We show that increasing the required duration criterion -as was done by the 1993 and 2003 reformsseems to have redistributive impact, as far as retirement duration is concerned. For instance, theses two reforms increase the average retirement age in 2030 by 17 months for male workers in the higher wage quartile, but by 11 months only for male workers in the lower wage quartile.

Résumé Les bonnes institutions favorisent-elles le commerce ? De nombreux accords commerciaux, au premier rang desquels, l’Union européenne, introduisent des clauses institutionnelles en plus des dispositions strictement commerciales. Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons à l’influence de la démocratie et de la lutte contre la corruption sur le commerce. Nous utilisons un modèle de gravité, inspiré de Anderson et van Wincoop (2003) mais estimé par la méthode du pseudo maximum de vraisemblance à partir d’une loi de Poisson, ce qui évite les biais d’hétéroscédasticité inhérents aux estimateurs des moindres carrés ordinaires. Nous analysons les effets de la similarité des institutions sur le commerce bilatéral, puis nous régressons les effets fixes pays pour tester les effets de la démocratie et de la lutte contre la corruption sur le commerce pour l’ensemble des pays. Nos résultats montrent que les pays démocratiques sont plus ouverts mais que deux pays démocratiques n’échangent pas davantage entre eux. C’est l’inverse qui est constaté pour la corruption. Classification JEL  : F15 ; F17 ; P33 ; P37 ; P48.

En mobilisant le modèle de microsimulation Trajectoire, nous estimons dans cette étude les effets des réformes des retraites et des modifications législatives de 2010 à 2014 sur la durée de la retraite et le montant de la pension tous régimes cumulée sur le cycle de vie. Ce dernier indicateur permet d’avoir une vision globale de l’impact des réformes en croisant les effets sur l’âge de départ à la retraite et les effets sur le montant des pensions. Les résultats sont détaillés par sexe et quartile de salaire. La pension cumulée sur le cycle de vie est diminuée à terme de 3 % suite aux modifications législatives depuis 2010. La réforme de 2010 a contribué plus fortement à reculer les âges de départ à la retraite, notamment pour les personnes éloignées du marché du travail. La réforme de 2014 est celle qui diminue le plus fortement les pensions cumulées sur cycle de vie. Elle est cependant plus redistributive que celle de 2010 pour les personnes encore en activité en fin de carrière.