Background Antibiotic resistance is currently the most serious global threat to the effective treatment of bacterial infections. Antibiotic resistance has been established to adversely affect both clinical and therapeutic outcomes, with consequences ranging from treatment failures and the need for expensive and safer alternative drugs to the cost of higher rates of morbidity and mortality, longer hospitalization, and high‐healthcare costs. The search for new antibiotics and other antimicrobials continues to be a pressing need in humanity's battle against bacterial infections. Antibiotic resistance appears inevitable, and there is a continuous lack of interest in investing in new antibiotic research by pharmaceutical industries. This review summarized some new strategies for tackling antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Methods To provide an overview of the recent research, we look at some new strategies for preventing resistance and/or reviving bacteria's susceptibility to already existing antibiotics. Results Substantial pieces of evidence suggest that antimicrobials interact with host immunity, leading to potent indirect effects that improve antibacterial activities and may result in more swift and complete bactericidal effects. A new class of antibiotics referred to as immuno‐antibiotics and the targeting of some biochemical resistance pathway components including inhibition of SOS response and hydrogen sulfide as biochemical underlying networks of bacteria can be considered as new emerging strategies to combat antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Conclusion This review highlighted and discussed immuno‐antibiotics and inhibition of SOS response and hydrogen sulfide as biochemical underlying networks of bacteria as new weapons against antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

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Pharmaceutical products (non-sterile) are faced with the challenges of not exceeding the minimum limit of microbial presence tolerated for the respective formulations. Antacid suspensions which are multi-dose drug products that are utilized in the neutralization of gastric acid. This drug with neutral pH makes them to be liable to microbial contamination. This study was conducted to evaluate antacid suspensions marketed in Delta State, Nigeria based on their microbial quality. Six different brands of antacid suspensions were collected from different Pharmacies in Delta state and were analysed microbiologically to isolate and quantify the implicated bacteria and fungi using conventional cultural and biochemical techniques. The microbiological evaluation of these samples was determined using the agar-well diffusion method. Five out of the six brands evaluated were found to be populated with a hugenumber of bacteria (2.5 x 102 to > 2.2 x 102 CFU/ml) and fungi (2 x 102 to 8 x 102 CFU/ml). Staphylococcus aureus was absent in any of the antacids brands studied. However, there were presence of objectionable microorganisms, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans in three of the six brands. The results of this study reveal the microbial contamination level of some of the antacid (suspensions)  marketed in Delta State which may be due to poor adherence to current good manufacturing practice by the manufacturers. Keywords: Antacid suspensions, Microorganisms, Microbiological quality, Brands.

Leaves of Ocimum gratissimum and Newbouldia laevis were subjected to cold maceration in ethanol, ethyl acetate, and water for 24 hours. The extracts which on phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, and phenols, were tested for antimicrobial activities. Various concentrations of the plant extracts (200, 100, and 50 mg/ml) were assayed for antibacterial activity using the agar well diffusion method. Two Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes) and four Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Salmonella typhi, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria were used for the study. The ethanol extract of O. gratissimum showed the highest zone of inhibition against E. coli with 18mm at 200mg/ml concentration, followed by ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts with 15 mm and 8 mm, respectively. Ethanol extract of N. laevis displayed the best activities against E.coli and S. aureus with both displaying inhibition zones of 10 mm, followed by 8.5mm against S. typhi. The aqueous extract had the best activity against K. aerogenes (9.5 mm), followed by S. aureus (5 mm). The zones of inhibition against the test organisms decreased with decreasing concentration of the plant extracts. Overall, the ethanol extracts displayed the best activity, while the aqueous extracts had the least activity. The results obtained showed that leaf extracts of the two plants have broad-spectrum activities, and could serve as potential sources for the development of useful natural antibacterial agents.