Clinical supervision is an important tool in the development of quality nursing care. It involves a process of reflection upon practice, the aim of which is to improve clinical practices and hence improve patient outcomes. The term 'clinical supervision' is itself problematic in that it implies an hierarchical, rather than a nurse-centred and reflective, process. In addition there are a variety of models of supervision which range from the purely managerial to the clinical. This gives rise to confusion and in some cases suspicion, in clinicians. This paper reports on the development, implementation and evaluation of a group model of clinical supervision developed by a small team of mental health nurses in a community mental health setting. This team recognised the need for a formal clinical supervision model but was unsure as to the model which best suited their practice situation and needs. Through collaboration with a university department of nursing, this group developed its own model of group clinical supervision. This paper reports on the development of the model and its evaluation. The model was developed with a small team of community nurses and hence may not be applicable to other teams and other settings. However, the methods described may be useful as a guide to other nurses who wish to plan, implement and evaluate a model of clinical supervision in their workplace.
Although the development of relationships on the Net may be seen as “community,” the increasing global presence from commercial media such as online newspapers suggest that another metaphor may be jousting for preeminence – colonization. Findings from an on‐going case study of online newspapers suggest the early ideals of democratic community‐building in cyberspace are encountering resistance as newspaper organizations delineate “virtual geographic space” and stake out “territory” on the web by subtly discouraging access to other sites (i.e., a type of virtual “homesteading”). Additionally, changes in the production practices of print journalists due to the emergence of electronic newspapers are discussed.
Negotiation is inherently a communicative activity. Negotiators share information, make arguments, and advocate for their interests as they work through disagreements over terms for settlements. Communicatively competent negotiators are skilled in argumentation, listening, questioning, emotion management, facework, and framing/reframing. Conflict is inevitable in organizations because of competing interests. As organizations become flatter and decentralized, people need negotiation skills so they may participate meaningfully in managing conflicts without resorting to institutional or managerial intervention. Approaches to bargaining communication include models that highlight specific aspects of traditional communication models, examine the effects of communication on settlements, and treat negotiations as a constitutive element of organizational reality. An emerging area of research examines how people negotiate via email, instant messages, texts, and videoconferences.
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