Wall et al., (2018) The effects of environmental history and thermal stress on coral physiology and immunity. Marine Biology (in press) Files These include files for making maps, and plotting the environmental and biological data. All code to generate figures and perform analyses are found in the R-markdown file (.Rmd) R markdown Mydlarz-Gates_Lab_exp_2014.Rmd This is the R.markdown file containing script for data analysis and figure generation All files in repository are used in this annotated markdown file; open in R Studio. Mydlarz-Gates_Lab_exp_2014.html This is the .html output for the R.markdown file. Environmental In situ data coast_n83_shp.zip This zip file contains 6 files. These shape files are used to generate the map of Kāne'ohe Bay. To use these files, see R markdown file; place these files in a folder names 'coast_n83.shp' in directory. KBaymapdata.csv This is a file with buoys, reef names, and their respective lat/long (°) Columns: Origin is the buoy/reef name, lat is latitude, and long is longitude CRIMP1_pCO2.csv This is the pCO 2 data from CRIMP1 buoy, downloaded from NOAA PMEL Columns: Site (CRIMP.1), Time of data collection in mm/dd/yy hh:mm, pCO2.water (µatm) is partial pressure of CO 2 (carbon dioxide) in seawater, Temperature (°C), and pCO2.air (µatm) is partial pressure of CO 2 in air.

Global climate change is altering coral reef ecosystems. Notably, marine heatwaves are producing widespread coral bleaching events that are increasing in frequency, with projections for annual bleaching events on reefs worldwide by mid‐century. Responses of corals to elevated seawater temperatures are modulated by abiotic factors (e.g. environmental regimes) and dominant Symbiodiniaceae endosymbionts that can shift coral traits and contribute to physiological legacy effects on future response trajectories. It is critical, therefore, to characterize shifting physiological and cellular states driven by these factors and evaluate their influence on in situ bleaching (and recovery) events. We use back‐to‐back bleaching events (2014, 2015) in Hawai'i to characterize the cellular and organismal phenotypes of Montipora capitata corals dominated by heat‐sensitive Cladocopium or heat‐tolerant Durusdinium Symbiodiniaceae at two reef sites. Despite fewer degree heating weeks in the first‐bleaching event relative to the second (7 vs. 10), M. capitata bleaching severity was greater [bleached cover: ~70% (2014) vs. 50% (2015)] and environmental history (site effects) on coral phenotypes were more pronounced. Symbiodiniaceae affected bleaching responses, but immunity and antioxidant activity was similar in all corals, despite differences in bleaching phenotypes. We demonstrate that repeat bleaching triggers cellular responses that shift holobiont multivariate phenotypes. These perturbed multivariate phenotypes constitute physiological legacies, which set corals on trajectories (positive and/or negative) that influence future coral performance. Collectively, our data support the need for greater tracking of stress response in a multivariate context to better understand the biology and ecology of corals in the Anthropocene. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Disease outbreaks have caused significant declines of keystone coral species. While forecasting disease outbreaks based on environmental factors has progressed, we still lack a comparative understanding of susceptibility among coral species that would help predict disease impacts on coral communities. The present study compared the phenotypic and microbial responses of seven Caribbean coral species with diverse life-history strategies after exposure to white plague disease. Disease incidence and lesion progression rates were evaluated over a seven-day exposure. Coral microbiomes were sampled after lesion appearance or at the end of the experiment if no disease signs appeared. A spectrum of disease susceptibility was observed among the coral species that corresponded to microbial dysbiosis. This dysbiosis promotes greater disease susceptiblity in coral perhaps through different tolerant thresholds for change in the microbiome. The different disease susceptibility can affect coral’s ecological function and ultimately shape reef ecosystems.

Background Circulating cell‐free mitochondrial DNA (ccf‐mtDNA) is a damage‐associated molecular pattern that reflects cell stress responses and tissue damage, but little is known about ccf‐mtDNA in preeclampsia. The main objectives of this study were to determine (1) absolute concentrations of ccf‐mtDNA in plasma and mitochondrial DNA content in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and (2) forms of ccf‐mtDNA transport in blood from women with preeclampsia and healthy controls. In addition, we sought to establish the association between aberrance in circulating DNA‐related metrics, including ccf‐mtDNA and DNA clearance mechanisms, and the clinical diagnosis of preeclampsia using bootstrapped penalized logistic regression. Methods and Results Absolute concentrations of ccf‐mtDNA were reduced in plasma from women with preeclampsia compared with healthy controls ( P ≤0.02), while mtDNA copy number in peripheral blood mononuclear cells did not differ between groups ( P >0.05). While the pattern of reduced ccf‐mtDNA in patients with preeclampsia remained, DNA isolation from plasma using membrane lysis buffer resulted in 1000‐fold higher ccf‐mtDNA concentrations in the preeclampsia group ( P =0.0014) and 430‐fold higher ccf‐mtDNA concentrations in the control group ( P <0.0001). Plasma from women with preeclampsia did not induce greater Toll‐like receptor‐9–induced nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain enhancer of activated B cells‐dependent responses in human embryonic kidney 293 cells overexpressing the human TLR‐9 gene ( P >0.05). Penalized regression analysis showed that women with preeclampsia were more likely to have lower concentrations of ccf‐mtDNA as well as higher concentrations of nuclear DNA and DNase I compared with their matched controls. Conclusions Women with preeclampsia have aberrant circulating DNA dynamics, including reduced ccf‐mtDNA concentrations and DNA clearance mechanisms, compared with gestational age–matched healthy pregnant women.

As scleractinian coral cover declines in the face of increased frequency in disease outbreaks, future reefs may become dominated by octocorals. Understanding octocoral disease responses and consequences is therefore necessary if we are to gain insight into the future of ecosystem services provided by coral reefs. In Florida, populations of the octocoral Eunicea calyculata infected with Eunicea black disease (EBD) were observed in the field in the fall of 2011. This disease was recognized by a stark, black pigmentation caused by heavy melanization. Histological preparations of E. calyculata infected with EBD demonstrated granular amoebocyte (GA) mobilization, melanin granules in much of the GA population, and the presence of fungal hyphae penetrating coral tissue. Previous transcriptomic analysis also identified immune trade-offs evidenced by increased immune investment at the expense of growth. Our investigation utilized proteogenomic techniques to reveal decreased investment in general cell signaling while increasing energy production for immune responses. Inflammation was also prominent in diseased E. calyculata and sheds light on factors driving the extreme phenotype observed with EBD. With disease outbreaks continuing to increase in frequency, our results highlight new targets within the cnidarian immune system and provide a framework for understanding transcriptomics in the context of an organismal disease phenotype and its protein expression.