Background: Multidrug resistant bacterial isolates have been frequently reported from different parts of the world as emerging treatment problem. Objectives: The study was conducted to fi nd out etiology of urinary tract infection and drug resistance trend among clinical pathogens in urinary tract. Methods: Mid-stream urine samples from patients suspected of urinary tract infection were collected for routine culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing and were processed according to the standard laboratory methods. Results: In this study 41.7% urine samples showed signifi cant bacterial growth. Gram negative bacteria were the predominant organisms. Among them Escherichia coli was the predominant isolate (85.1%) whereas Enterococcus faecalis (40.6%), was the major Gram positive isolate. Among culture positive cases organisms were isolated in highest frequency (29.5%) in the age group 21 to 30 years. Urinary tract infections were found more common in females (61.1%) than in males (38.9%). Nitrofurantoin (82.2%) and Ofl oxacin (57.8%) were found to be the most effective drugs against Gram negative organisms, whereas for Gram positive organisms, Nitrofurantoin (87.5%) and Gentamycin (78.1%) were found to be the most effective drugs. Escherichia coli was found sensitive to Nitrofurantoin (89.3%) followed by Ofl oxacin (63.3%). Enterococcus faecalis was most susceptible to Nitrofurantion (92.3%) followed by Cotrimoxazole (76.9%). Conclusion: In this study, among the participants 41.7% had culture positive urinary tract infection. Drug resistance was found to be high in both Gram negative and Gram positive organisms. The high prevalence of drug resistance among urinary tract infection patients calls for the need of judicious measures for control of this infection and knowledge of patterns of resistance helps in deciding empirical therapy for urinary tract infection.

Background: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureushas emerged as one of the most important nosocomial pathogens. It invokes a tremendous financial burden and enhanced morbidity and mortality due to difficult to treat systemic infections.Aim of this study was to determine antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Materials and Methods: Different clinical specimens were collected and processed for routine culture and antibiotic sensitivity test by standard microbiology techniques. Results: Out of 1173 samples received for microbiological examination, 100 were found to be S. aureus with 19% cases were Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Fourteen MRSA were found from inpatient and 5 were from outpatient. MRSA was found higher in female than male and maximum number (31.5%) was found in age group 0-10 years. Staphylococcus aureus was 100% sensitive to Vancomycin followed by Amikacin (90%), Gentamycin (83%), and tetracycline (81%). On urine isolates Nitrofurantoin(91.6%) was drug of choice. All the isolates were resistant to Penicillin G. In case of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus showed 100% sensitive to Vancomycin followed by Amikacin (84.2%), Tetracycline (63.1%), Ciprofloxacin (42%) and Gentamycin (36.8%). Among urine isolates Nitrofutantoin showed 87.5% sensitive followed by Norfloxacin (75%). Conclusion: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus was found 19% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates. It was most common in females, hospitalized patients and young age group. Vancomycin seems to be drug of choice followed by Amikacin. It would be helpful to formulating and monitoring the antibiotic policy and ensure proper empiric treatment. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v4i7.10297 Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2014) Vol. 4, 548-551

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Introduction: Drug resistant tuberculosis is a signifi cant threat to tuberculosis control because only a few effective drugs are available against M. tuberculosis. The aims of this study were to compare multi drug resistant (MDR) strains of tuberculosis by phenotypic and genotypic method and determine type, location and frequency of rpoB and KatG gene mutations. Methodology: Anti-tuberculosis drugs susceptibility test of M. tuberculosis grown on Lowenstein Jensen medium was performed by proportion method. MDR cases were analyzed for mutation of rpoB and KatG genes. The regions of these genes were amplifi ed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. Results: Two different mutations were identifi ed in rifampicin resistant strains. The most common point mutations were in codons TCG 531→TTG (85%) and GAC 516→TTC (15%) of the rpoB gene. Two different mutations in KatG gene were detected. The most common KatG point mutations were AGC 315 ACC (Ser→Thr) (85%) and CGG 463 CTG (Arg→Leu) (10%). In this study DNA sequencing analysis did not fi nd mutation on KatG gene of one of the strain tested. Male and female were equally affected by MDR tuberculosis and majorities (35%) of them were found in 21-30 years age group. Conclusion: The present investigation agrees that genetic mutation is responsible for change in phenotypic characteristics of M. Tuberculosis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v8i2.5896 SAARCTB 2011; 8(2): 17-22

Researchers in 2004 found that tear flim can be one of the modes of transmission of SARS-CoV. Considering the fact that SARS-CoV-2 is similar to SARS-CoV, it is speculated that there may be a risk of transmission through tear flim in patients with COVID-19. Therefore, this study was conducted to understand whether COVID-19 viral genome is present in the tear film or not. It was a cross-sectional quantitative study done in Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital, Duwakot. Tear sample collection was done using schirmer’s strip and conjunctival swab of confirmed COVID-19 positive admitted cases and then the sample was sent for viral genome analysis. Especially designed proforma was used for recording the patient demographics, history, clinical examination findings and investigations results. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 21) and expressed in frequency, percentage and mean. Out of 30 enrolled patients, 23.3% (n=7) showed positive results in tear RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2. Among them, 85.7% (n=6) had positive tear sample RT-PCR on the very first day of sample collection with their CT value in tear sample ranging from 30-35. Patients who were positive were mostly in the age group of 21-30 years (71.4%) and were local vendors by occupation (71.4%). However, none of the patients had any ocular symptoms. Tear sample analysis with RT-PCR showed 23.3% positivity for SARS-CoV-2. Early collection and analysis of tear sample can yield maximum positive results therefore tear film could be one of the modes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus.