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Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in patients with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Herein, we investigated the relationship between vitamin D status and overweight/obesity status, insulin resistance (IR), systemic inflammation as well as oxidative stress (OS). Anthropometric and laboratory assessments of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and glycemic, pro-inflammatory and OS biomarkers were performed in a sample of 47 patients with T2DM who were divided into categories based on overweight and degree of obesity. The main findings were: the overweight/obesity status correlated negatively with the degree of serum 25(OH)D deficiency (ρ = −0.27) with a trend towards statistical significance (p = 0.069); the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was significantly different (p = 0.024) in patients with 25(OH)D deficiency, as was total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) in patients with severe serum 25(OH)D deficiency as compared to those with 25(OH)D over 20 ng/mL (TOS: p = 0.007, OSI: p = 0.008); and 25(OH)D had a negative indirect effect on TOS by body mass index (BMI), but BMI was not a significant mediator of the studied relationship. In a setting of overweight and increasing degree of obesity, patients with T2DM did not display decreasing values of 25(OH)D. Subjects with the lowest values of 25(OH)D presented the highest values of BMI. Patients with 25(OH)D deficiency were more insulin resistant and showed increased OS but no elevated systemic inflammation. The negative effect of 25(OH)D on TOS did not seem to involve BMI as a mediator.

Ischemia is a major cause of cardiovascular diseases, with an increased rate of morbidity and mortality, pathogenetically characterized by redox imbalance, inflammation and tissue damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of grape seeds (Vitis vinifera L.) and elderberry fruit (Sambucus nigra L.) extracts on the gastrocnemius muscle lesions induced by the experimental femoral ischemia. The total polyphenolic content and the antioxidant activity of the two extracts were also evaluated. The effects of ischemia-reperfusion damage were investigated by quantification of oxidative stress, inflammation, matrix metalloproteinases-2 activity and histopathological analysis of the gastrocnemius muscle. Both extracts showed beneficial antioxidant effects, decreasing the lipid peroxidation in muscle homogenates. The administration of Vitis vinifera L. extract diminished the metalloproteinase-2 activity while the treatment with Sambucus nigra L. extract exerted potent antiinflammatory effects. RezumatIschemia este o cauză majoră a bolilor cardiovasculare, cu o rată crescută a morbidității și mortalității, caracterizată patogenetic prin dezechilibru redox, inflamație și leziuni tisulare. Scopul studiului a fost urmărirea efectelor administrării unui extract din sâmburi de struguri (Vitis vinifera L.) și ale unui extract din fructe de soc (Sambucus nigra L.) asupra leziunilor mușchiului gastrocnemian, induse de ischemia femurală experimentală. Conținutul total de polifenoli și activitatea antioxidantă a extractelor a fost de asemenea evaluată. Efectele nefavorabile ale ischemiei-reperfuziei au fost investigate prin cuantificarea stresului oxidativ, inflamației, activității metaloproteinazelor matriciale-2 și analiza histopatologică a mușchiului gastrocnemian. Ambele extracte au prezentat efecte benefice, diminuând peroxidarea lipidică în omogenatul muscular. Extractul de Vitis vinifera L. a scăzut activitatea metaloproteinazei-2, în timp ce tratamentul cu Sambucus nigra L. a exercitat efecte antiinflamatorii importante.

Background and aimObesity is a major risk factor for the onset of insulin resistance (IR), hyperinsulinemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) Evidence data has proven that beyond important weight loss bariatric surgery especially Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and bilio-pancreatic diversion (BPD) leads to significant early reduction of insulinemia and of IR calculated through the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR), independently of fat mass decrease. Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is now used as a sole weight loss operation with good results. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the early changes of fasting blood glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR in a group of morbidly obese (MO) patients i.e. at 7, 30 and 90 days after SG.MethodsThe study included 20 MO patients (7 male and 13 female) submitted to SG. Anthropometrical (weight, body mass index –BMI, percent excess BMI loss -%EBMIL) and biochemical (plasma glucose, insulin and calculated HOMA-IR ) evaluation were performed before and at 7, 30 and 90 days after SG. In addition, a second group of 10 normal weight healthy subjects with a BMI ranging form 19 kg/m2 to 23.14 kg/m2, matched for age and gender was investigated.ResultsPlasma glucose (p=0.018), insulin (p=0.004) and HOMA-IR (p=0.006) values were statistically different between the studied groups. After surgery, at every follow-up point, there were statistically different weight and BMI mean values relative to the operation day (p<0.003). BMI, decreased at 7 days (estimated reduction=2.79; 95% CI:[2.12;3.45]), at 30 days (estimated reduction=5.65; 95% CI:[3.57;7.73]) and at 90 days (estimated reduction=10.88; 95% CI:[7.35;14.41]) respectively after SG. We noted a tendency toward statistical significant change of mean insulin values at 7 days after surgery (corrected p=0.075), no statistical change at 30 days (corrected p=0.327) and a significant change at 90 days (corrected p=0.027) after SG as compared to baseline. There was a significant change in mean values of HOMA-IR at 30 days (corrected p=0.009) and at 90 days (corrected p=0.021) after the operation day.ConclusionsThe present study showed important early changes consisting in reductions of mean values of plasma insulin and HOMA-IR after SG.