Objective: to evaluate cost-effectiveness and budget impact of using single and dual chamber implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) adjunctive to the standard drug therapy (DT) compared to the standard DT alone for the primary and secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD).Material and methods. Original partitioned survival analysis model was developed to assess the cost-effectiveness of using ICD within the modelling horizon of 8 years. The following model outcomes were used: life years and quality-adjusted life years (QALY). Primary prevention model was focused on patients after myocardial infarction with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤30%, whilst secondary prevention model considered cardiac arrest survivors and/or patients diagnosed with ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation with LVEF ≤35%. The model summarizes treatment effect and costs for ICD and DT specific to the healthcare system of the Russian Federation (RF). The main scenario accounted for ICD implantation cost in accordance with general reimbursement price asserted in the high technology medical care list part 2 (HТMC 2). Additionally, alternative scenario of ICD reimbursement level was developed to account for general tariff split onto singleand dual-chamber ICD implantation reimbursement tariffs which can be financed through high technology medical care list part 1 (HТMC 1). Budget impact analysis compared the costs of using ICD within the current volume of the annual increase in ICD implantations and a threefold increased volume of ICD implantations.Results. By the end of the modelling period, additional 34% of patients survived in the ICD group compared to the DT group. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per 1 QALY constituted 2.8 and 2.2 million rubles for primary and secondary prevention, respectively. ICER values are slightly above or lower than the willingness-to-pay threshold of 2.5 million rubles per 1 QALY in the RF in the segment of primary and secondary SCD prevention, respectively. Additional HТMC 1 scenario incorporating lower ICD implantation prices resulted in an average ICER drop by 13% compared to HTMC 2. Overall patient population requiring SCD prevention comprised of 7,161 and 3,341 patients in primary and secondary prevention, respectively. Budget impact analysis showed that threefold rise in the ICD implantations rate will require additional 648 million rubles for primary prevention cohort to provide additional 573 patients with ICD, and 230 million rubles for secondary prevention cohort with additional 267 patients covered with ICD. ICD reimbursement price drop within the HТMC 1 scenario will save 133 million rubles and allow to provide additional 143 patients with ICDs for a given budget.Conclusion. ICD is a cost-effective option of secondary prevention of SCD. Additional analysis of ICD reimbursement price drop drives ICER downwards to a considerable extent which in turn increases the accessibility of ICDs to patients. In scenario of ICD implantation financing within HТMC 1, ICD is established to be a cost-effective option for primary and secondary prevention of SCD in the RF.

important epidemiological and economic burden, literature on cost of chemotherapy in breast cancer is rather scarce in Germany. The objective of this study was to estimate the cost of adjuvant chemotherapy in early stage breast cancer in Germany, using two different perspectives: the sick funds and the society. METHODS: A semi-systematic search of the literature was conducted to identify relevant articles describing the cost of adjuvant chemotherapy in Germany. The electronic database Pubmed and a selection of congress databases were searched using combinations of search terms designed to identify publications describing cost of adjuvant chemotherapy in early stage breast cancer patients. Searches were limited to those published in the English and German language between January 2000 and April 2011. A retrospective multicentre study was conducted to collect chemotherapy-related resources used. Unit costs were collected from public sources (EBM catalogue, Rote list, DRG list). Cost items collected included: chemotherapy drugs, monitoring and administration, prevention and management of adverse events, transportation to the treatment centre, and when using the societal perspective, also sick leaves. RESULTS: A total of 51 patients were included the study. The following adjuvant chemotherapy regimens were given to the patients: TAC (22%), FEC (20%), FECϩDOC (20%), TC (20%), ECϩDOC/PAC (12%) and others (8%). The average total costs for an adjuvant chemotherapy treatment were estimated to be €11,036 in a sick fund perspective and €16,199 in a broader societal perspective. The direct costs were €5722 for chemotherapy drugs, €982 for chemotherapy administration and monitoring, €4228 for supportive drugs and management of adverse events. The indirect costs of sick leaves were €5163. CONCLUSIONS: Adjuvant chemotherapy represents a significant economic burden to the health care system and the society.

Objective: to assess the clinical and economic feasibility of ticagrelor in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in comparison with clopidogrel in combination with ASA in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), including both those who underwent, and those who did not undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG); and new oral anticoagulants (NOACs) in combination with clopidogrel in comparison with warfarin in combination with clopidogrel and ASA in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who underwent PCI; to identify the impact of the above strategies of antithrombotic therapy on the targets of the State Health Care Program of the Russian Federation (RF) “Development of Health Care” and the Federal Project “Cardiovascular Diseases Control”.Material and methods. The clinical and economic study (CES) of ticagrelor in combination with ASA in ACS patients was based on a costbenefit analysis. A combined model, including a decision tree and Markov model was developed. The horizon period of the analysis was 5 years. Quality-adjusted life year (QALY) was used as an efficiency criterion and only the direct medical costs associated with the conditions identified in the modeling were taken into account. A discount rate of 5% was taken into account during the CES. The application of NOACs in combination with clopidogrel was studied in the CES using a cost minimization analysis considering the costs per patient characterized by the presence of AF regardless of the presence of ACS and a history of PCI.Results. We used a decision tree and Markov modeling in adult patients with ACS, who had or had not undergone PCI or CABG, in the horizon period of 5 years considering the discount rate of the added quality-adjusted life year (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per QALY). The result for ticagrelor in combination with ASA compared to clopidogrel in combination with ASA was 605,199 rubles, which was significantly lower than the willingness-to-pay threshold (2,235,201 rubles). Assessment of the impact of the therapy regimen including ticagrelor in combination with ASA on the target indicators of the State Health Care Program of the RF “Development of Healthcare” and the Federal Project “Cardiovascular Diseases Control” showed that the use of this therapy regimen will reduce mortality from myocardial infarction (MI) and cardiovascular causes by 2.45 cases per 100 thousand population provided that 100% of patients with MI and unstable angina in the RF are transferred from clopidogrel + ASA scheme to ticagrelor + ASA. The potential contribution of ticagrelor in combination with ASA compared to clopidogrel in combination with ASA in patients with ACS in achieving the target reduction of mortality from circulatory diseases will be 6.48% by 2023. In all simulated scenarios, in the group of patients with AF who had undergone PCI, pharmacotherapy regimens containing NOACs (dabigatran etexilate, rivaroxaban, apixaban) were more costly than therapy regimens containing warfarin (with not significantly different effectiveness).Conclusion. The results of the evaluation of clinical and economic feasibility of antiplatelet therapy strategies demonstrated the costeffectiveness of ticagrelor in combination with ASA compared to clopidogrel in combination with ASA in patients with ACS, including those who had undergone PCI or CABG and those who had not. The strategy of ticagrelor + ASA showed a favorable effect on the rates of mortality from MI, as well as from circulatory diseases. The results of the clinical and economic evaluation of the four strategies of antithrombotic drug therapy in patients with AF who had undergone PCI showed higher costs of the regimens containing NOACs with a presumed zero effect on the mortality from circulatory diseases.

В статье описаны цели и основные принципы концепции ценностно-ориентированного здравоохранения (ЦОЗ). Актуальность внедрения данного подхода в систему здравоохранения РФ обусловлена тем, что при контроле и оплате медицинской помощи оценка результатов лечения осуществляется выборочно и на отдельных этапах. Система оплаты медицинской помощи учитывает лишь ее объемы, а не достижение значимого для пациента результата лечения. Проведен обзор зарубежного опыта по внедрению концепции ЦОЗ, а также новых методов оплаты медицинской помощи, таких как «пакетное финансирование» и «оплата за результат». Согласно международному опыту, внедрение ценностно-ориентированного подхода позволяет повысить качество медицинской помощи и оптимизировать расходы. Для осуществления перехода в РФ на ценностно-ориентированную модель необходимо обеспечение информатизации медицинского процесса, развитие и совершенствование системы контроля качества медицинской помощи (разработка результирующих критериев качества медицинской помощи для всех заболеваний) и внедрение рейтингования медицинских организаций. При условии наличия этих составляющих возможен дальнейший переход на P4P при оплате медицинской помощи. Целесообразно внедрение принципов ЦОЗ и в другие процессы в здравоохранении, в частности в закупку лекарственных препаратов и медицинских изделий, в процесс их ценообразования и возмещения стоимости. КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВАЦенностно-ориентированное здравоохранение, ценностная медицина, оплата за результат, соглашения о разделении рисков, оценка исходов пациентами, пациент-ориентированное здравоохранение, контроль качества медицинской помощи, оплата медицинской помощи.

Objective: to evaluate clinical-economic feasibility and impact of follitropin alfa on the state healthcare budget of the Russian Federation in the population of women with diagnosed infertility and poor ovarian response, who undergo treatment with assisted reproductive technologies (ART).Material and methods. A cost minimization analysis to evaluate clinical-economic feasibility of follitropin alfa in women with infertility and poor ovarian response who underwent ART was performed. The model of the budget impact analysis included the costs required for the ovarian stimulation of patients distributed by various variants of their management. The current practice involved the application only of fixed dose combinations (FDC) of follitropin alfa + lutropin alfa. The expected practice suggested a change in the approach by shifting 25% of patients with poor ovarian response from FDC of follitropin alfa + lutropin alfa to follitropin alfa. A time horizon of modeling was 1 year.Results. The cost minimization analysis demonstrated that the application of drug with international nonproprietary name follitropin alfa is characterized by the cost cut of 12,020 rubles (–21.56%) per patient compared with FDС of follitropin alpha + lutropin alpha. The results of budget impact analysis showed that a shift of 25% of population from FDC of follitropin alfa + lutropin alfa to follitropin alfa could cut direct medical costs by 7.96 million rubles per year (–5.39%).Conclusion. Evaluation of clinical-economic feasibility and budget impact analysis showed that the application of follitropin alfa during ovarian stimulation in women with infertility and poor ovarian response leads to a decrease in budget expenses.