Gamma activation analysis on LUE NSC KIPT was used to measure macro-, microelements and 224,226,228RA in intact teeth and teeth with inflammatory odontogenic diseases. A comparative analysis of the phase composition of the teeth was carried out. It is shown that the size of apatite crystals in intact teeth is 3 times higher than in teeth with acute odontogenic diseases. The latter indicates the presence of an amorphous phase of carbonate inclusions and structurally unbound water

Traditional classification of dental local anesthesia methods must be modified. In our current paper we have proved the vascular mechanism is the leading component of spongy injection. It is necessary to take into account the high effectiveness and relative safety of the spongy anesthesia. We must also take into account its versatility, ease of implementation and the growing prevalence in the world. The essence of the modification is to divide the anesthesia methods into two parts diffuse and vascular-diffuse.Diffuse anesthesia includes application, infiltration and conduction while vascular-diffuse includes intraosseous , intraligamentary , intraseptal and intrapulpal. For the last four methods we used the term spongy (intraosseous) anesthesia.

Relevance. The reason for the study was our histological specimen with intrapulpal dye injection from the monograph "Anesthesia in Endodontics". Outside the pulp chamber, in the root canal, the ink is diffusely distributed throughout the vessels. There was a hypothesis about the vascular nature of intrapulpal injection.Aim. Тo prove vascular mechanism intrapulpal injection.Materials and methods. A randomized prospective pilot study was performed in 15 patients (9 men, 6 women) with 15 teeth vital pulpectomy. Traditional anesthesia conducted articaine 4% with epinephrine 1:100 000. When accessed in the pulpintroduced drop the same anesthetic. Heart rate was determined after 30 seconds for 3 minutes pulse oximeter MD 300.Results. There was expressed vascular reaction to intrapulpal introduction anesthetic with epinephrine. It has resulted in a sharp increase in pulse rate by an average of 11.3 beats /min, return to the original level after 3 minutes. Conclusions. Based on the results obtained, we assume the vascular-venous nature of intrapulpal anesthesia.

Aim. To assess the dependence of electrodontometry indicators on the configuration of the root canal and to determine the value of the resultant action of the current at which patients have a response to electrodontometry.Materials and methods. The research consisted in the creation of computer models of teeth and their analysis by the finite element method in the COMSOL Multiphysics program. The removed tooth 2.2 was chosen as a prototype for 3D computer models. The tooth was dissected into fragments 2 millimeters thick, from which the geometric parameters of hard tissues and the position of the root canal were removed. Based on these data, a 3D model of the tooth was built. Based on the 2.2 tooth model, 5 models of the same tooth were constructed, simulating the stages of its root formation.Results. In all models, with an increase in the channel width in the apex area from 0.3 mm to 2.55 mm, the current density in this area decreased from 26.92 A/m2 to 0.63 A/m2. The maximum current density in the models was recorded in the narrowest part of the root canal and ranged from 26.01 A/m2 to 26.75 A/m2.Conclusions. The strength of the diagnostic current that causes a response in patients during electrodontometry depends on the configuration of the root canal, namely, on the cross–sectional area in the narrowest part of the root canal, where the maximum current density is recorded. The current density at which patients have a response to electrodontometry is 26-27 A/m2.

The traditional classification methods of dental local anesthesia must be modified. In this paper we proved that the vascular mechanism is leading component of spongy injection. It is necessary to take into account the high effectiveness and relative safety of spongy anesthesia, as well as versatility, ease of implementation and the growing prevalence in the world. The essence of the proposed modification is to distinguish the methods in diffusive (including surface anesthesia, infiltration and conductive anesthesia) and vascular-diffusive (including intraosseous, intraligamentary, intraseptal and intrapulpal anesthesia). For the last four methods the common term «spongy (intraosseous) anesthesia» may be used.