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We investigated the electrochemical detection of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) by using a multienzyme-modified electrode surface. Determination of the activities of transaminases in human serum is clinically significant because their concentrations and ratios indicate the presence of hepatic diseases or myocardial dysfunction. For electrochemical detection of AST and ALT, enzymes that participate in the reaction mechanism of AST and ALT, such as pyruvate oxidase (POX) and oxaloacetate decarboxylase, were immobilized on an electrode surface by using an amine-reactive self-assembled monolayer and a homobifunctional cross-linker. In the presence of suitable substrates such as L-aspartate (L-alanine) and α-ketoglutarate, AST and ALT generate pyruvate as an enzymatic end product. To determine the activities of AST and ALT, electroanalyses of pyruvate were conducted using a POX and ferrocenemethanol electron shuttle. Anodically generated oxidative currents from multienzyme-mediated reactions were correlated to AST and ALT levels in human plasma. On the basis of the electrochemical analysis, we obtained calibration results for AST and ALT concentrations from 7.5 to 720 units/L in human plasma-based samples, covering the required clinical detection range.

In recent years, many mathematicians have studied the degenerate versions of many special polynomials and numbers. The polyexponential functions were introduced by Hardy and rediscovered by Kim, as inverses to the polylogarithms functions. The paper is divided two parts. First, we introduce a new type of the type 2 poly-Euler polynomials and numbers constructed from the modified polyexponential function, the so-called type 2 poly-Euler polynomials and numbers. We show various expressions and identities for these polynomials and numbers. Some of them involving the (poly) Euler polynomials and another special numbers and polynomials such as (poly) Bernoulli polynomials, the Stirling numbers of the first kind, the Stirling numbers of the second kind, etc. In final section, we introduce a new type of the type 2 degenerate poly-Euler polynomials and the numbers defined in the previous section. We give explicit expressions and identities involving those polynomials in a similar direction to the previous section.

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