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Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), is the most effective choice for patients suffering from benign prostatic hyperplasia who do not respond properly to pharmacological treatment. Absorption of hypotonic fluids used during TURP may cause hemodynamic and central nervous system disturbances, which is generally attributed to dilutional hyponatraemia occurring during or immediately after operation. Several combinations of the signs and symptoms resulting from these changes are known as "transurethral resection of prostate syndrome". The clinical picture is inconsistent and the syndrome is easily confused with other acute disorders. Mild forms are common and often go undiagnosed, while severe forms of the TUR syndrome are rare and potentially life-threatening. We present a review of this pathological entity, compiling pathophysiology, diagnostic, prevention and therapeutical approaches.

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